View source for Question particle, differentiating and including particle, འབྱེད་སྡུད་

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{{Grammar articles}}

''by Stefan J. E.''

* Chapter overview: [[Tibetan Grammar - Syntactic particles]]

===Question particle, differentiating and including particle, འབྱེད་སྡུད་===
This particle after a clause can mark a question or mean "or" or "and".

====Spelling====
{{grule|The final letter of the last word is duplicated and placed as an extra syllable with an added མ་.}}<br>
 
* E.g. {{gtib|རྟག་གམ།}}, {{gtib|བྱུང་ངམ།}}, {{gtib|ཡོད་དམ།}}, {{gtib|ཡིན་ནམ།}}, {{gtib|ཁྱབ་བམ།}}, {{gtib|སྒོམ་མམ།}}, {{gtib|ཕྱིར་རམ།}}, {{gtib|འབྲལ་ལམ།}}, {{gtib|བྱས་སམ།}}, {{gtib|གྱུརད་ཏམ།}}.
In the case of the final letter {{gtib|འ་}} the {{gtib|མ་}} is added to the {{gtib|འ་}} of the word without a duplicated letter.
* E.g. {{gtib|འདའ་}} and {{gtib|འམ་}} becomes {{gtib|འདའམ།}}.
In the case of no postfix letter, {{gtib|མཐའ་མེད་}}, an {{gtib|འམ་}} is added to the word or added separately.
* E.g. {{gtib|བྱ་}} and  {{gtib|འམ་}} becomes {{gtib|བྱའམ།}} or {{gtib|བྱ་འམ།}}.
Note: {{gtib|ནམ་}} when coming before the verb can also be the temporal qualifier or interrogative "when" or "When?".


====Question====
{{gsample|མི་དེ་དགྲ་ཡིན་ནམ།|person that enemy is "?"|Is that person [an] enemy?}}


===="or" or "and"====
{{gsample|ཟག་བཅས་ཀྱི་ལས་དགེ་བའམ་མི་དགེ་བ་|defiled&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;karma&nbsp;&nbsp;virtues&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;non-virtues|defiled karma, either virtues or non-virtues,... defiled karma, be it virtues or non-virtues...}}<br>

{{gsample|བདེ་བའམ་སྡུག་བསྔལ་ལམ་བཏང་སྙོམས་སུ་མྱོང་བའི་ཚོར་བ་འབྱུང་སྟེ།|happiness&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;suffering&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;neutral&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;experience sensation arise|The sensation of the experience of well-being or the experience of suffering or a neutral experience will arise.}}


[[Category:Tibetan Grammar]][[Category:Syntactic Particles]]