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[[Image:Four Noble Truths.JPG|thumb|Buddha Turning the Wheel of Dharma for the first time]]The '''Four Noble Truths''' (Skt. ''catvāryāryasatyā''; Tib. འཕགས་པའི་བདེན་པ་བཞི་, ''pakpé denpa shyi''; [[Wyl.]] '' 'phags pa'i bden pa bzhi'') or the Four Realities of the [[Arya]]s, were taught by [[Buddha Shakyamuni]] as the central theme of the so-called [[Three turnings|first turning]] of the wheel of the [[Dharma]] after his attainment of [[enlightenment]]. They are:
[[Image:Four Noble Truths.JPG|thumb|Buddha Turning the Wheel of Dharma for the first time]]The '''Four Noble Truths''' (Skt. ''catvāryāryasatyā''; Tib. འཕགས་པའི་བདེན་པ་བཞི་, ''pakpé denpa shyi'', [[Wyl.]] '' 'phags pa'i bden pa bzhi'') or the Four Realities of the [[Arya]]s, were taught by [[Buddha Shakyamuni]] as the central theme of the so-called [[Three turnings|first turning]] of the wheel of the [[Dharma]] after his attainment of [[enlightenment]]. They are:


*the truth (or reality) of [[suffering]] (Tib. སྡུག་བསྔལ་གྱི་བདེན་པ་, Skt. ''duḥkha-satya'') which is to be understood,
*the truth (or reality) of [[suffering]] (Skt. ''duḥkha-satya''; Tib. སྡུག་བསྔལ་གྱི་བདེན་པ་) which is to be understood,
*the truth (or reality) of the [[origin]] of suffering (Tib. ཀུན་འབྱུང་བའི་བདེན་པ་, Skt. ''samudaya-satya''), which is to be abandoned,
*the truth (or reality) of the [[origin]] of suffering (Skt. ''duḥkha-samudaya-satya''; Tib. ཀུན་འབྱུང་བའི་བདེན་པ་), which is to be abandoned,
*the truth (or reality) of [[cessation]] (Tib. འགོག་པའི་བདེན་པ་, Skt. ''nirodha-satya''), which is to be actualized, and
*the truth (or reality) of [[cessation]] (Skt. ''nirodha-satya''; Tib. འགོག་པའི་བདེན་པ་), which is to be actualized, and
*the truth (or reality) of the [[path]] (Tib. ལམ་གྱི་བདེན་པ་, Skt. ''mārga-satya''), which is to be relied upon.<ref>{{:Quotations: Maitreya, Sublime Continuum, Suffering must be understood, it's cause eliminated, cessation realized and the path relied upon}}</ref>
*the truth (or reality) of the [[path]] (Skt. ''mārga-satya''; Tib. ལམ་གྱི་བདེན་པ་), which is to be relied upon.<ref>{{:Quotations: Maitreya, Sublime Continuum, Suffering must be understood, it's cause eliminated, cessation realized and the path relied upon}}</ref>
 
==Meaning of the Term==
In his ''[[Clear Words]]'' commentary, [[Chandrakirti]] says:
:Therefore, since it is true only for the noble ones, it is called the truth of the noble ones.<ref>Tib. དེའི་ཕྱིར་འཕགས་པ་རྣམས་ཁོ་ན་ལ་དེ་བདེན་པའི་ཕྱིར་འཕགས་པའི་བདེན་པ་ </ref>
 
In his ''[[General Topics]]'' commentary on the ''[[Abhisamayalankara]]'', [[Patrul Rinpoche]] explains:
:The ''Compendium on Determinations''<ref>The second section of the ''[[Yogacarabhumi|Yogacharabhumi]]''</ref>says:
 
:What is the meaning of "truth"? It has the characteristic of not being in discord with the teachings,
:And when seen it becomes the cause for complete purity. That is the meaning of "truth".
 
The meaning of the first line refers to the object, that is, exactly as the Tathagata has taught [objects] to be impermanent and so on, that is how they are. The latter refers to the subject, that is, when [objects] are seen exactly as they are, an unmistaken mind is produced. That is the meaning of the term "truth" by itself. <br />
As for the meaning of "the truths of the noble ones", since the noble ones see the truths exactly as the truths are, both their mind and the object [perceived] are true. Therefore they are [the truths] of the noble ones. <br />
For childish beings, although in reality things are "true", since their minds do not realize this [reality], it is not presented as truth.


==Cause & Effect==
==Cause & Effect==
The four truths can be divided into two pairs of cause and effect, known as the cause and effect of '[[thorough affliction]]' (Skt. ''saṃkliṣṭa''; Tib. [[ཀུན་ཉོན་]]) or [[samsara]], and the cause and effect of '[[complete purification]]' (Skt. ''vyavadāna''; Tib. [[རྣམ་བྱང་]]) or [[nirvana]].
The four truths can be divided into two pairs of cause and effect, known as the cause and effect of '[[thorough affliction]]' or [[samsara]], and the cause and effect of '[[complete purification]]' or [[nirvana]].


==[[Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths]]==
==[[Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths]]==
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==Tibetan Texts==
==Tibetan Texts==
{{TBRC|http://www.tbrc.org/#library_work_ViewByOutline-O1GS1298001JW13834|W22084|}} འཕགས་པ་བདེན་པ་བཞིའི་མདོ།  bka' 'gyur (sde dge par phud) edition, Vol. 72. ff.170r.-170v. (pp.339-340)
We find the classical presentation of these four truths embedded in no fewer than seven individual works in the [[Kangyur]]<ref>Dharmachakra Translation Committee, {{84000|http://read.84000.co/translation/UT22084-072-037.html|The Sūtra of the Wheel of Dharma}}, Introduction</ref>:
*''The Chapter on Schism in the Sangha'' (Skt. ''Saṅgha­bheda­vastu''), [[Toh]] 1-17.
*''Foundations of the Minor Monastic Discipline'' (Skt. ''Vinayakṣudraka­vastu''), Toh 6.
*''The Sutra on Going Forth'' (Skt. ''Abhi­niṣkramaṇa­sūtra''), Toh 301.
*''[[The Sutra of the Wheel of Dharma]]'' (Skt. ''Dharma­cakra­sūtra''), Toh 337.  
*''The Sutra of the Turning of the Wheel of Dharma'' (Skt. ''Dharma­cakra­pravartana­sūtra''), Toh 31, translated from the [[Pali Canon]].  
*''[[The Hundred Deeds]]'' (Skt. ''Karma­śataka''), Toh 340.
*''[[The Play in Full]]'' (Skt. ''Lalitavistara''), Toh 95.


==Oral Teachings Given to the [[About Rigpa|Rigpa]] Sangha==
==Oral Teachings Given to the [[About Rigpa|Rigpa]] Sangha==
*His Holiness [[Sakya Trizin]], Paris, 15 September 1996
*His Holiness [[Sakya Trizin]], Paris, 15 September 1996
*[[Ringu Tulku Rinpoche]], [[Dzogchen Beara]], Ireland, 31 May-3 June 2002
*[[Sogyal Rinpoche]], Haileybury retreat, UK, 9-11 April 2013
*[[Sogyal Rinpoche]], Haileybury retreat, UK, 9-11 April 2013
*[[Chagdud Khadro]], [[Dzogchen Beara]], 25-27 May 2018


==Further Reading==
==Further Reading==
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*[[The Dalai Lama]], ''Lighting the Way'' (Snow Lion Publications, 2004), Chapter 1
*[[The Dalai Lama]], ''Lighting the Way'' (Snow Lion Publications, 2004), Chapter 1
*[[The Dalai Lama]], ''The Middle Way'' (Wisdom Publications)
*[[The Dalai Lama]], ''The Middle Way'' (Wisdom Publications)
*Dharmachakra Translation Committee, {{84000|http://read.84000.co/translation/UT22084-072-037.html|The Sūtra of the Wheel of Dharma}}, Introduction
*[[Geshe Tashi Tsering]], ''The Four Noble Truths'' (Wisdom, 2005)
*[[Geshe Tashi Tsering]], ''The Four Noble Truths'' (Wisdom, 2005)
*[[Jamgön Mipham Rinpoche]], ''Gateway to Knowledge, VOL II'' (Hong Kong, Boudhanath & Esby: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2000)
*[[Jamgön Mipham Rinpoche]], ''Gateway to Knowledge, VOL II'' (Hong Kong, Boudhanath & Esby: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2000)
Line 33: Line 57:
*[[Ringu Tulku]], ''Daring Steps Towards Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Buddhism'' (Snow Lion, 2005), pages 22-55
*[[Ringu Tulku]], ''Daring Steps Towards Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Buddhism'' (Snow Lion, 2005), pages 22-55
*[[Samdhong Rinpoche]], ''Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World'', (World Wisdom, 2006), pages 182-188
*[[Samdhong Rinpoche]], ''Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World'', (World Wisdom, 2006), pages 182-188
*[[Thich Nhat Hanh]], ''The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching'' (Broadway Books, 1999)
*[[Thich Nhat Hanh]], ''The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching'' (Rider, 1999), 'Part One: The Four Noble Truths', pages 3-50.
*[[Thrangu Rinpoche]], The Venerable Khenchen, ''The Life of the Buddha and the Four Noble Truths'' (Namo Buddha Publications, Boulder 2001), Ch 2. Available [http://www.rinpoche.com/fornob.html here]
*[[Thrangu Rinpoche]], The Venerable Khenchen, ''The Life of the Buddha and the Four Noble Truths'' (Namo Buddha Publications, Boulder 2001), Ch 2. Available [http://www.rinpoche.com/fornob.html here]
*Walpola Rahula, ''What the Buddha Taught'' (Grove Press, Revised ed. 1974)
*Walpola Rahula, ''What the Buddha Taught'' (Grove Press, Revised ed. 1974)
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==Notes==
==Notes==
<small><References/></small>
<small><References/></small>
==Internal Links==
*[[The Sutra of the Wheel of Dharma]]


==External Links==
==External Links==
*{{LH|tibetan-masters/nyingma-masters/khenpo-pema-vajra/brief-overview-three-turnings|''A Brief Overview of the Three Turnings and the Mantra Pitaka of the Vidyadharas'' by Khenpo Pema Vajra}}
*{{LH|tibetan-masters/khenpo-pema-vajra/brief-overview-three-turnings|''A Brief Overview of the Three Turnings and the Mantra Pitaka of the Vidyadharas'' by Khenpo Pema Vajra}}
*[http://www.dalailama.com/webcasts/post/2-the-four-noble-truths Teachings from His Holiness the Dalai Lama]
*[http://www.dalailama.com/webcasts/post/2-the-four-noble-truths Teachings from His Holiness the Dalai Lama]
*{{84000|https://read.84000.co/translation/toh337.html| The Sūtra of the Wheel of Dharma}}


[[Category:Key Terms]]
[[Category:Key Terms]]
[[Category:Four Noble Truths]]
[[Category:Four Noble Truths| ]]
[[Category:Enumerations]]
[[Category:Enumerations]]
[[Category:04-Four]]
[[Category:04-Four]]

Revision as of 06:46, 14 September 2023

Buddha Turning the Wheel of Dharma for the first time

The Four Noble Truths (Skt. catvāryāryasatyā; Tib. འཕགས་པའི་བདེན་པ་བཞི་, pakpé denpa shyi, Wyl. 'phags pa'i bden pa bzhi) or the Four Realities of the Aryas, were taught by Buddha Shakyamuni as the central theme of the so-called first turning of the wheel of the Dharma after his attainment of enlightenment. They are:

  • the truth (or reality) of suffering (Skt. duḥkha-satya; Tib. སྡུག་བསྔལ་གྱི་བདེན་པ་) which is to be understood,
  • the truth (or reality) of the origin of suffering (Skt. duḥkha-samudaya-satya; Tib. ཀུན་འབྱུང་བའི་བདེན་པ་), which is to be abandoned,
  • the truth (or reality) of cessation (Skt. nirodha-satya; Tib. འགོག་པའི་བདེན་པ་), which is to be actualized, and
  • the truth (or reality) of the path (Skt. mārga-satya; Tib. ལམ་གྱི་བདེན་པ་), which is to be relied upon.[1]

Meaning of the Term

In his Clear Words commentary, Chandrakirti says:

Therefore, since it is true only for the noble ones, it is called the truth of the noble ones.[2]

In his General Topics commentary on the Abhisamayalankara, Patrul Rinpoche explains:

The Compendium on Determinations[3]says:
What is the meaning of "truth"? It has the characteristic of not being in discord with the teachings,
And when seen it becomes the cause for complete purity. That is the meaning of "truth".

The meaning of the first line refers to the object, that is, exactly as the Tathagata has taught [objects] to be impermanent and so on, that is how they are. The latter refers to the subject, that is, when [objects] are seen exactly as they are, an unmistaken mind is produced. That is the meaning of the term "truth" by itself.
As for the meaning of "the truths of the noble ones", since the noble ones see the truths exactly as the truths are, both their mind and the object [perceived] are true. Therefore they are [the truths] of the noble ones.
For childish beings, although in reality things are "true", since their minds do not realize this [reality], it is not presented as truth.

Cause & Effect

The four truths can be divided into two pairs of cause and effect, known as the cause and effect of 'thorough affliction' or samsara, and the cause and effect of 'complete purification' or nirvana.

Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths

Suffering
1. Suffering (Skt. duḥkha; Tib. སྡུག་བསྔལ་བ་)
2. Impermanence (Skt. anitya; Tib. མི་རྟག་པ་)
3. Emptiness (Skt. śūnyatā; Tib. སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་)
4. Selflessness (Skt. anātmaka; Tib. བདག་མེད་པ་)

Origination
5. Cause (Skt. hetu; Tib. རྒྱུ་)
6. Origination (Skt.samudaya; Tib. ཀུན་འབྱུང་)
7. Intense Arising (Skt. prabhava; Tib. རབ་སྐྱེ་)
8. Condition (Skt. pratyaya; Tib. རྐྱེན་)

Cessation
9. Peace (Skt. śānta; Tib. ཞི་བ་)
10. Cessation (Skt. nirodha; Tib. འགོག་པ་)
11. Perfection (Skt. praṇīta; Tib. གྱ་ནོམ་པ་)
12. True Deliverance (Skt. niḥsaraṇa; Tib. ངེས་འབྱུང་, Wyl. nges 'byung)

Path
13. Path (Skt. mārga; Tib. ལམ་)
14. Appropriate (Skt. nyāya; Tib. རིགས་པ་)
15. Effective (Skt. pratipatti; Tib. སྒྲུབ་པ་)
16. Truly Delivering (Skt. nairyāṇika; Tib. ངེས་འབྱིན་)

Tibetan Texts

We find the classical presentation of these four truths embedded in no fewer than seven individual works in the Kangyur[4]:

  • The Chapter on Schism in the Sangha (Skt. Saṅgha­bheda­vastu), Toh 1-17.
  • Foundations of the Minor Monastic Discipline (Skt. Vinayakṣudraka­vastu), Toh 6.
  • The Sutra on Going Forth (Skt. Abhi­niṣkramaṇa­sūtra), Toh 301.
  • The Sutra of the Wheel of Dharma (Skt. Dharma­cakra­sūtra), Toh 337.
  • The Sutra of the Turning of the Wheel of Dharma (Skt. Dharma­cakra­pravartana­sūtra), Toh 31, translated from the Pali Canon.
  • The Hundred Deeds (Skt. Karma­śataka), Toh 340.
  • The Play in Full (Skt. Lalitavistara), Toh 95.

Oral Teachings Given to the Rigpa Sangha

Further Reading

  • Chögyam Trungpa, The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation (Shambhala, 2009)
  • The Dalai Lama, His Holiness, Buddha Heart, Buddha Mind: Living the Four Noble Truths (The Crossroad Publishing Company, 2000)
  • The Dalai Lama, The Four Noble Truths (Thorsons, 1998)
  • The Dalai Lama, Kindness, Clarity and Insight (Snow Lion Publications, 2006), pages 29-34
  • The Dalai Lama, Lighting the Way (Snow Lion Publications, 2004), Chapter 1
  • The Dalai Lama, The Middle Way (Wisdom Publications)
  • Dharmachakra Translation Committee, The Sūtra of the Wheel of Dharma, Introduction
  • Geshe Tashi Tsering, The Four Noble Truths (Wisdom, 2005)
  • Jamgön Mipham Rinpoche, Gateway to Knowledge, VOL II (Hong Kong, Boudhanath & Esby: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2000)
  • Jamyang Drakpa, 'Appendix 2' of The Light of Wisdom, Volume 1 (Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 1999)
  • Kangyur Rinpoche, Treasury of Precious Qualities (Boston & London: Shambhala, 2001), pages 67-84 & 'Appendix 3'.
  • Mingyur Rinpoche, Joyful Wisdom (Harmony Books, April 2009)
  • Ringu Tulku, Daring Steps Towards Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Buddhism (Snow Lion, 2005), pages 22-55
  • Samdhong Rinpoche, Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World, (World Wisdom, 2006), pages 182-188
  • Thich Nhat Hanh, The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching (Rider, 1999), 'Part One: The Four Noble Truths', pages 3-50.
  • Thrangu Rinpoche, The Venerable Khenchen, The Life of the Buddha and the Four Noble Truths (Namo Buddha Publications, Boulder 2001), Ch 2. Available here
  • Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught (Grove Press, Revised ed. 1974)

Notes

  1. ↑
    ནད་ནི་ཤེས་བྱ་ནད་ཀྱི་རྒྱུ་ནི་སྤང་བྱ་ལ། །

    བདེ་གནས་ཐོབ་བྱ་སྨན་ནི་བསྟེན་པར་བྱ་བ་ལྟར། །
    སྡུག་བསྔལ་རྒྱུ་དང་དེ་འགོག་པ་དང་དེ་བཞིན་ལམ། །

    ཤེས་བྱ་སྤང་བྱ་རིག་པར་བྱ་ཞིང་བསྟེན་པར་བྱ། །

    Illness must be understood, its causes eliminated,
    Wellbeing must be attained, and medicine taken.
    Likewise, suffering, its causes, their cessation and the path
    Must in turn be understood, eliminated, realized and relied upon.

    Maitreya, Sublime Continuum, IV, 55

  2. ↑ Tib. དེའི་ཕྱིར་འཕགས་པ་རྣམས་ཁོ་ན་ལ་དེ་བདེན་པའི་ཕྱིར་འཕགས་པའི་བདེན་པ་
  3. ↑ The second section of the Yogacharabhumi
  4. ↑ Dharmachakra Translation Committee, The Sūtra of the Wheel of Dharma, Introduction

Internal Links

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