Fifty-one mental states: Difference between revisions

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'''Fifty-one mental states''' or factors (Skt. ''ekapañcāśaccaitasika''; Tib. ''semjung ngabchu tsachik''; [[Wyl.]] ''sems byung lnga bcu rtsa gcig'') as mentioned in the [[Abhidharma]] teachings.
'''Fifty-one mental states''' or '''factors''' (Skt. ''ekapañcāśaccaitasika''; Tib. སེམས་བྱུང་ལྔ་བཅུ་རྩ་གཅིག་, ''semjung ngabchu tsachik'', [[Wyl.]] ''sems byung lnga bcu rtsa gcig'') — although there are many possible mental states (''sem jung''), the higher [[Abhidharma]] teachings speak of fifty-one, which are held to be particularly important.


===[[Five ever-present mental states|Five ever-present factors]] (''kun ‘gro lnga'')===
===[[Five ever-present mental states|Five ever-present factors]]===
{{:Five ever-present mental states}}


#Sensation (Skt. ''vedanā''; Wyl. ''tshor ba'')
===[[Five object-determining mental states|Five object-determining factors]]===
#Perception (Skt. ''saṃjña''; Wyl. ''‘du shes'')
{{:Five object-determining mental states}}
#Intention (Skt. ''cetanā''; Wyl. ''sems pa'')
#Contact (Skt. ''sparśa''; Wyl. ''reg pa'')
#Attention (Skt. ''manaskāra''; Wyl. ''yid byed'')


===[[Five object-determining mental states|Five object-determining factors]] (''yul nges lnga'')===
===[[Eleven virtuous states]]===
 
#Interest (Skt. ''chanda''; Wyl. ''‘dun pa'')
#Appreciation (Skt. ''adhimokṣa''; Wyl. ''mos pa'')
#Mindfulness (Skt. ''smṛti''; Wyl. ''dran pa'')
#Concentration (Skt. ''samādhi''; Wyl. ''ting ‘dzin'')
#Intelligence (Skt. ''prajñā''; Wyl. ''shes rab'')
 
===[[Eleven virtuous states]] (''dge ba’i sems byung bcu gcig'')===
{{:Eleven virtuous states}}
{{:Eleven virtuous states}}


===[[Six root destructive emotions]] (''rtsa nyon drug'')===
===[[Six root destructive emotions]]===
{{:Six root destructive emotions}}
{{:Six root destructive emotions}}
When the last state of beliefs or 'views' is divided into the [[five wrong views]], there are [[fifty-five mental states]] in total.
When the last state of beliefs or 'views' is divided into the [[five wrong views]], there are [[fifty-five mental states]] in total.


===[[Twenty subsidiary destructive emotions]] (''nye nyon nyi shu'')===
===[[Twenty subsidiary destructive emotions]]===
{{:Twenty subsidiary destructive emotions}}
{{:Twenty subsidiary destructive emotions}}


===[[Four variables]] (''gzhan ‘gyur bzhi'')===
===[[Four variables]]===
 
{{:Four variables}}
#sleep (Skt. ''middha''; Wyl. ''gnyid'')
#regret (Skt. ''kaukṛtya''; Wyl. ''‘gyod pa'')
#conception (Skt. ''vitarka''; Wyl. ''rtog pa'')
#discernment (Skt. ''vicāra''; Wyl. ''dpyod pa'')


==Further Reading==
==Further Reading==
*[[Herbert V. Guenther]] &  Leslie S. Kawamura, ''Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding"'', (Dharma Publishing, 1975)
*[[Herbert V. Guenther]] &  Leslie S. Kawamura, ''Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding"'', (Dharma Publishing, 1975)


==External Links==
*[http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/x/nav/group.html_863438090.html Introduction to the Mind and Mental Factors by Alexander Berzin]


[[Category:Abhidharma]]
[[Category:Abhidharma]]
[[Category:Fifty-one mental states| ]]
[[Category:Enumerations]]
[[Category:Enumerations]]
[[Category:50s-Fifties]]
[[Category:50s-Fifties]]

Latest revision as of 08:54, 14 September 2023

Fifty-one mental states or factors (Skt. ekapañcāśaccaitasika; Tib. སེམས་བྱུང་ལྔ་བཅུ་རྩ་གཅིག་, semjung ngabchu tsachik, Wyl. sems byung lnga bcu rtsa gcig) — although there are many possible mental states (sem jung), the higher Abhidharma teachings speak of fifty-one, which are held to be particularly important.

Five ever-present factors

  1. Sensation (Skt. vedanā; Tib. ཚོར་བ་)
  2. Perception (Skt. saṃjña; Tib. འདུ་ཤེས་)
  3. Intention (Skt. cetanā; Tib. སེམས་པ་)
  4. Contact (Skt. sparśa; Tib. རེག་བྱ་)
  5. Attention (Skt. manaskāra; Tib. ཡིད་བྱེད་)

Five object-determining factors

  1. Interest (Skt. chanda; Tib. འདུན་པ་)
  2. Appreciation (Skt. adhimokṣa; Tib. མོས་པ་)
  3. Mindfulness (Skt. smṛti; Tib. དྲན་པ་)
  4. Concentration (Skt. samādhi; Tib. ཏིང་འཛིན་)
  5. Intelligence (Skt. prajñā; Tib. ཤེས་རབ་)

Eleven virtuous states

  1. Faith (Skt. śraddhā; Tib. དད་པ་)
  2. Dignity (Skt. hri; Tib. ངོ་ཚ་ཤེས་པ་)
  3. Propriety (Skt. apatrāpya; Tib. ཁྲེལ་ཡོད་པ་)
  4. Nonattachment (Skt. alobha; Tib. མ་ཆགས་པ་)
  5. Nonaggression (Skt. adveṣa; Tib. ཞེས་སྡང་མེད་པ་)
  6. Nondelusion (Skt. amoha; Tib. གཏི་མུག་མེད་པ་)
  7. Diligence (Skt. vīrya; Tib. བརྩོན་འགྲུས་)
  8. Pliancy or flexibility (Skt. praśrabdhi; Tib. ཤིན་ཏུ་སྦྱང་བ་)
  9. Conscientiousness (Skt. apramāda; Tib. བག་ཡོད་པ་)
  10. Equanimity or evenness (Skt. upekṣā; Tib. བཏང་སྙོམས་)
  11. Nonviolence (Skt. avihiṃsā; Tib. རྣམ་པར་མི་འཚེ་བ་)

Six root destructive emotions

  1. Ignorance (Skt. avidyā; Tib. མ་རིག་པ་)
  2. Desire (Skt. rāga; Tib. འདོད་ཆགས་)
  3. Anger (Skt. pratigha; Tib. ཁོང་ཁྲོ་)
  4. Pride (Skt. māna; Tib. ང་རྒྱལ་)
  5. Doubt (Skt. vicikitsā; Tib. ཐེ་ཚོམ་)
  6. Beliefs (Skt. dṛṣṭi; Tib. ལྟ་བ་)

When the last state of beliefs or 'views' is divided into the five wrong views, there are fifty-five mental states in total.

Twenty subsidiary destructive emotions

  1. Rage (Skt. krodha; Tib. ཁྲོ་བ་, Wyl. khro ba)
  2. Resentment (Skt. upanāha; Tib. འཁོན་དུ་འཛིན་པ་, Wyl. ‘khon du ‘dzin pa)
  3. Spitefulness (Skt. pradāśa; Tib. འཚིག་པ་, Wyl. ‘tshig pa)
  4. Cruelty (Skt. vihiṃsā; Tib. རྣམ་པར་འཚེ་བ་, Wyl. rnam par ‘tshe ba)
  5. Envy (Skt. īrśya; Tib. ཕྲག་དོག་, Wyl. phrag dog)
  6. Deception (Skt. śāṭhya; Tib. གཡོ་, Wyl. g.yo)
  7. Pretension (Skt. māyā; Tib. སྒྱུ་, Wyl. sgyu)
  8. Lack of shame (Skt. āhrīkya; Tib. ངོ་ཚ་མེད་པ་, Wyl. ngo tsha med pa)
  9. Disregard (Skt. anapatatrāpya; Tib. ཁྲེལ་མེད་པ་, Wyl. khrel med pa)
  10. Concealment (Skt. mrakśa; Tib. འཆབ་པ་, Wyl. ‘chab pa)
  11. Miserliness (Skt. mātsarya; Tib. སེར་སྣ་, Wyl. ser sna)
  12. Self-satisfaction (Skt. mada; Tib. རྒྱགས་པ་, Wyl. rgyags pa)
  13. Lack of faith (Skt. āśraddhya; Tib. མ་དད་པ་, Wyl. ma dad pa)
  14. Laziness (Skt. kausīdya; Tib. ལེ་ལོ་, Wyl. le lo)
  15. Carelessness (Skt. pramāda; Tib. བག་མེད་པ་, Wyl. bag med pa)
  16. Forgetfulness (Skt. muṣitasmṛtitā; Tib. བརྗེད་ངས་, Wyl. brjed ngas)
  17. Inattention (Skt. asaṃprajanya; Tib. ཤེས་བཞིན་མིན་པ་, Wyl. shes bzhin min pa)
  18. Lethargy (Skt. styāna; Tib. རྨུག་པ་, Wyl. rmug pa)
  19. Excitement (Skt. auddhatya; Tib. རྒོད་པ་, Wyl. rgod pa)
  20. Distraction (Skt. vikṣepa; Tib. རྣམ་པར་གཡེང་བ་, Wyl. rnam par g.yeng ba)

Four variables

  1. Sleep (Skt. middha; Tib. གཉིད་)
  2. Regret (Skt. kaukṛtya; Tib. འགྱོད་པ་)
  3. Conception (Skt. vitarka; Tib. རྟོག་པ་)
  4. Discernment (Skt. vicāra; Tib. དཔྱོད་པ་)

Further Reading

  • Herbert V. Guenther & Leslie S. Kawamura, Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding", (Dharma Publishing, 1975)

External Links

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