Tibetan Grammar - originative case: Difference between revisions
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'''WORK IN PROGRESS''': the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading. | '''WORK IN PROGRESS''': the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading. | ||
'''In the verb section the approach to explain Tibetan verbs is changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent" - there will be discrepancies to the other grammar section until they are matched with it''' | |||
{{Grammar articles}} | {{Grammar articles}} | ||
''by Stefan J. | ''by Stefan J. Gueffroy<ref>recently adopted</ref> <small>[fka Eckel]</small>'' | ||
=Originative Case—འབྱུང་ཁུངས་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་: ནས་, ལས་= | =Originative Case—འབྱུང་ཁུངས་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་: ནས་, ལས་= | ||
* Also called: originative particle, source particle, ablative particle. | * Also called: originative particle, source particle, ablative particle. | ||
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{{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ལས་ཆོས་འབྱུང༌།|Buddha Dharma originate|The Dharma comes from the Buddha.}}<br> | {{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ལས་ཆོས་འབྱུང༌།|Buddha Dharma originate|The Dharma comes from the Buddha.}}<br> | ||
{{gsample|བའི་ནུ་མ་ལས་འོ་མ་འབྱུང༌།|cow udder milk come|The milk comes | {{Tibetan}} | ||
{{gsample|བའི་ནུ་མ་ལས་འོ་མ་འབྱུང༌།|cow udder milk come|The milk comes from the cow's udder.}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལས་ནོར་བུ་འབྱུང༌།|ocean jewel originate|Jewels originate from the ocean.}}<br> | {{gsample|རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལས་ནོར་བུ་འབྱུང༌།|ocean jewel originate|Jewels originate from the ocean.}}<br> | ||
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{{gsample|བླ་མའི་ཞལ་ནས་ལེགས་བཤད་བྱུང༌།|lama mouth eloquent teaching came|The lama gave eloquent teachings.}}<br> | {{gsample|བླ་མའི་ཞལ་ནས་ལེགས་བཤད་བྱུང༌།|lama mouth eloquent teaching came|The lama gave eloquent teachings.}}<br> | ||
{{gsample|ས་བོན་ལས་མྱུ་གུ་བྱུང༌།|seed sprout came|The sprout came | {{gsample|ས་བོན་ལས་མྱུ་གུ་བྱུང༌།|seed sprout came|The sprout came from the seed.}}<br> | ||
{{gfverb|ལྷུངས་པ།|ལྷུང་བ།|ལྷུང་བ།||to fall|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | {{gfverb|ལྷུངས་པ།|ལྷུང་བ།|ལྷུང་བ།||to fall|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | ||
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=== | ===Originative of reason=== | ||
* Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|རྒྱུ་མཚན་དང་འབྲེལ་བའི་འབྱུང་ཁུངས་}}<br> | * Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|རྒྱུ་མཚན་དང་འབྲེལ་བའི་འབྱུང་ཁུངས་}}<br> | ||
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{{gsample|བུང་བས་ནི་མེ་ཏོག་དྲི་ལས་ཤེས།|bee flower smell know|The bee knows the flower from the smell.}}<br> | {{gsample|བུང་བས་ནི་མེ་ཏོག་དྲི་ལས་ཤེས།|bee flower smell know|The bee knows the flower from the smell.}}<br> | ||
to die from thirst | {{gfverb|ཤི་བ།|འཆི་བ།|འཆི་བ།||to die|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | ||
{{gsample|སྐོམ་ནས་འཆི་བ་|thirst die|to die from thirst}} | |||
===Originative of instrument and means=== | |||
====Originative of instrument and means==== | |||
{{gfverb|ཐོབ་པ།|འཐོབ་པ།|འཐོབ་པ།||to attain|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|རྩོལ་བ་ལས་ཐོབ།|effort attained ''(transitive grammar)''|attained through / from effort}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|བཤད་པ་|འཆད་པ་|བཤད་པ་||''v.t.''|to speak, explain|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|དུང་ནས་བཤད་པ་|conch speak|to speak by means of conch}}<br> | |||
====Forming instrumental postpositions==== | |||
* See also [[1.5]] | |||
{{gsample|སྒོ་ནས་|door|by means of, from the point of view, from the approach of, through, by}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|བརྩོན་པ།|བརྩོན་པ།|བརྩོན་པ།|བརྩོན།|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|ལུས་ངག་ཡིད་ཀྱི་སྒོ་ནས་དགེ་བ་ལ་བརྩོན།|body speech mind virtue exert ''(see [[verb class]])''||to pursue for virtue by means of body speech and mind}} | |||
===Inclusion—only ནས་=== | |||
* Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|སྡུད་པ་}} | |||
For all the following usages under in this section, only {{gtib|ནས་}} is used. | |||
====Temporal beginning, succession==== | |||
{{gfverb|ཤི་བ།|འཆི་བ།|འཆི་བ།||to die|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|ཞག་གསུམ་ནས་འཆི་བར་འགྱུར།|day three after die auxiliary|after the third day [he] will die}}<br> | |||
{{gsample| | {{gsample|ཞག་འགའ་ནས་|day few after|after a few days}} | ||
====Beginning of a confined sequence or extent of space, time and enumerations==== | |||
=====Space===== | |||
* Tibetan grammatical term in regard to space: {{gtib|ཡུལ་གྱི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample| | {{gsample|རྒྱ་གར་ནས་རྒྱ་ནག་བར་ |India China|from India until China}} | ||
=====Numbers===== | |||
* Tibetan grammatical term in regard to numbers: {{gtib|གྲངས་ཀྱི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|གཅིག་ནས་བརྒྱའི་བར་|one hundred|from one to hundred}} | |||
=====Enumerations===== | |||
{{ | * Tibetan grammatical term in regard to functional objects: {{gtib|དངོས་པོའི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་}}<br> | ||
{{gsample|མིག་ནས་ཡིད་བར་|eye mind|from the eye up to the mind}}<br> | |||
{{gsample| | {{gsample|མ་གི་བསྙེན་གནས་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་པ་ནས་ ཡ་གི་གསང་སྔགས་ཀྱི་སྡོམ་པའི་པར་|lower end precepts of lay ordination eight-fold upper end secret mantra vows of|from the lower end, the eight-fold precepts of lay ordination to the upper end, the vows of the secret mantra}} | ||
=====Time===== | |||
{{gsample|སྐྱེ་བ་ནས་འཆི་བའི་བར་དུ་|birth death|from birth until death}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|མགོ་ནས་མཇུག་གི་བར་|beginning conclusion|from beginning to conclusion}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|བསྡད་པ།|སྡོད་པ།|བསྡད་པ།|སྡོད།|to stay|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|ཟླ་བ་དང་པོ་ནས་ཟླ་བ་དྲུག་པའི་བར་དུ་དེར་བསྡད།|month first from month sixth until there stayed|[He] stayed there from first until the sixth month.}} | |||
====Beginning of a confined sequence with negation of the verb==== | |||
{{gfverb|སྐྱེས་པ།|སྐྱེ་བ།|སྐྱེ་བ།||to be born|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
* This is mostly translated in to English by "until" while leaving out the negation of the verb.<br> | |||
<br><br> | |||
{{gfverb|ཤི་བ།|འཆི་བ།|འཆི་བ།||to die|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|སྐྱེས་ནས་མ་ཤིའི་བར་དུ་ |born not died|from birth until death, more lit.: from being born until [one] has died; from being born for [as long as one] has not died}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|ཐོབ་པ།|འཐོབ་པ།|འཐོབ་པ།||to obtain|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|དགུ་པ་གནས་པ་ནི། རྒྱུན་དེ་ཉིད་སྐྱེས་ནས་མ་ཤིའི་བར་དུ་མི་འཇིག་པར་ཡོད་པའོ།|ninth subsistence continuum that born not died not disintegrate exist [is]|The ninth: Subsistence is to exist in a non-disintegrated [way] from being born until [one] has died.}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|འཚོས་པ།|འཚོ་བ།|འཚོ་བ།||to live, nurture|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་ '''CHECK'''}} | |||
{{gsample|རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་མཆོག་མ་ཐོབ་བར་དུ་|miraculous display supreme not obtained ''(transitive grammar)''|until [one] has obtained the [ability of] supreme miraculous displays;|as long as [one] has not obtained the [ability of] supreme miraculous displays}}<br> | |||
{{gsample5l|དེ་ལས་གྲོལ་བར་འདོད་པའི་བསམ་པས་གནས་སྐབས་དུས་ཇི་སྲིད་འཚོ་བའི་བར་དང་མཐར་ཐུག་|that liberated wish intention temporary time for as long alive and ultimate|རང་ལམ་གྱི་འབྲས་བུ་མ་ཐོབ་བར་དུ་སྐྱབས་སུ་འགྲོ་|ones path result not attained to take refuge|With the intention to be liberated from that [samsara one] takes refuge temporary for as long as [one] is alive and ultimately until [one] obtains the result of one's path.}} | |||
===Postpositions with ནས་=== | |||
<!-- | |||
{{gsample|ནང་ནས་ | {{gsample|ནང་ནས་ | ||
{{gsample|སྟེང་ནས་ | {{gsample|སྟེང་ནས་ | ||
in, inside | in, inside | ||
up, above, on top of | up, above, on top of | ||
from the inside, | from the inside, from among | ||
from above, down from | from above, down from | ||
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1.9 exclusive of noun phrase with negation of verb, only ལས་ | 1.9 exclusive of noun phrase with negation of verb, only ལས་ | ||
With the negation of the verb, e.g. མེད་ "is not there" the ལས་ marks that what is excluded | With the negation of the verb, e.g. མེད་ "is not there" the ལས་ marks that what is excluded from the statement of the negated verb and by that the positive, non-negated meaning of the verb e.g. ཡོད་ "is there" is expressed for the marked word (noun phrase). This is commonly translated as "beside" or "except, except for". | ||
ནགས་ཚལ་གྱི་ནང་ན་དགོན་པ་བ་གཅིག་ལས་མེད། | ནགས་ཚལ་གྱི་ནང་ན་དགོན་པ་བ་གཅིག་ལས་མེད། | ||
Latest revision as of 10:18, 25 March 2021
WORK IN PROGRESS: the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading. In the verb section the approach to explain Tibetan verbs is changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent" - there will be discrepancies to the other grammar section until they are matched with it
| Articles on Tibetan Grammar |
| 1. Introduction |
| 2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable |
| 3. Formation of the Tibetan Word |
| 4. First case: ming tsam |
| 5. agentive particle |
| 6. Connective Particle |
| 7. La don particles |
| 8. La don particles—Notes |
| 9. Originative case |
| 10. Verbs |
| 11. Verbs—Notes |
| 12. Syntactic particles |
by Stefan J. Gueffroy[1] [fka Eckel]
Originative Case—འབྱུང་ཁུངས་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་: ནས་, ལས་
- Also called: originative particle, source particle, ablative particle.
Independent of verb type
Source, origin, འབྱུང་ཁུངས་, place, substance, person
| ||||||||||||
| སངས་རྒྱས་ལས་ཆོས་འབྱུང༌། |
| Buddha Dharma originate |
| The Dharma comes from the Buddha. |
 |
This section contains Tibetan script. Without proper Tibetan rendering support configured, you may see other symbols instead of Tibetan script. |
| བའི་ནུ་མ་ལས་འོ་མ་འབྱུང༌། |
| cow udder milk come |
| The milk comes from the cow's udder. |
| རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལས་ནོར་བུ་འབྱུང༌། |
| ocean jewel originate |
| Jewels originate from the ocean. |
| ||||||||||||
| གནམ་ནས་ཆར་པ་འབབ། |
| sky rain fall |
| Rain falls from the sky. |
| བླ་མའི་ཞལ་ནས་ལེགས་བཤད་བྱུང༌། |
| lama mouth eloquent teaching came |
| The lama gave eloquent teachings. |
| ས་བོན་ལས་མྱུ་གུ་བྱུང༌། |
| seed sprout came |
| The sprout came from the seed. |
| ||||||||||||
| རྟ་ལས་ལྷུང༌། |
| horse fall |
| to fall from the horse |
| སྐས་ཐོག་ནས་བབ། |
| ladder 'on top of' fall |
| fallen from the ladder |
| ལྷ་ས་ནས་མི་དེ་རྣམས་ |
| Lhasa person those |
| those persons from Lhasa |
Originative of reason
- Tibetan grammatical term: རྒྱུ་མཚན་དང་འབྲེལ་བའི་འབྱུང་ཁུངས་
| ||||||||||||
| དུ་བ་མཐོང་བ་ལས་མེ་ཡོད་པར་ཤེས། |
| smoke see fire exist know (transitive grammar)' |
| From seeing smoke (one) knows that fire is there (exist). |
| བུང་བས་ནི་མེ་ཏོག་དྲི་ལས་ཤེས། |
| bee flower smell know |
| The bee knows the flower from the smell. |
| ||||||||||||
| སྐོམ་ནས་འཆི་བ་ |
| thirst die |
| to die from thirst |
Originative of instrument and means
Originative of instrument and means
| ||||||||||||
| རྩོལ་བ་ལས་ཐོབ། |
| effort attained (transitive grammar)' |
| attained through / from effort |
| ||||||||||||
| དུང་ནས་བཤད་པ་ |
| conch speak |
| to speak by means of conch |
Forming instrumental postpositions
- See also 1.5
| སྒོ་ནས་ |
| door |
| by means of, from the point of view, from the approach of, through, by |
| ||||||||||||
| ལུས་ངག་ཡིད་ཀྱི་སྒོ་ནས་དགེ་བ་ལ་བརྩོན། |
| body speech mind virtue exert (see verb class)' |
Inclusion—only ནས་
- Tibetan grammatical term: སྡུད་པ་
For all the following usages under in this section, only ནས་ is used.
Temporal beginning, succession
| ||||||||||||
| ཞག་གསུམ་ནས་འཆི་བར་འགྱུར། |
| day three after die auxiliary |
| after the third day [he] will die |
| ཞག་འགའ་ནས་ |
| day few after |
| after a few days |
Beginning of a confined sequence or extent of space, time and enumerations
Space
- Tibetan grammatical term in regard to space: ཡུལ་གྱི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་
| རྒྱ་གར་ནས་རྒྱ་ནག་བར་ |
| India China |
| from India until China |
Numbers
- Tibetan grammatical term in regard to numbers: གྲངས་ཀྱི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་
| གཅིག་ནས་བརྒྱའི་བར་ |
| one hundred |
| from one to hundred |
Enumerations
- Tibetan grammatical term in regard to functional objects: དངོས་པོའི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་
| མིག་ནས་ཡིད་བར་ |
| eye mind |
| from the eye up to the mind |
| མ་གི་བསྙེན་གནས་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་པ་ནས་ ཡ་གི་གསང་སྔགས་ཀྱི་སྡོམ་པའི་པར་ |
| lower end precepts of lay ordination eight-fold upper end secret mantra vows of |
| from the lower end, the eight-fold precepts of lay ordination to the upper end, the vows of the secret mantra |
Time
| སྐྱེ་བ་ནས་འཆི་བའི་བར་དུ་ |
| birth death |
| from birth until death |
| མགོ་ནས་མཇུག་གི་བར་ |
| beginning conclusion |
| from beginning to conclusion |
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| ཟླ་བ་དང་པོ་ནས་ཟླ་བ་དྲུག་པའི་བར་དུ་དེར་བསྡད། |
| month first from month sixth until there stayed |
| [He] stayed there from first until the sixth month. |
Beginning of a confined sequence with negation of the verb
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- This is mostly translated in to English by "until" while leaving out the negation of the verb.
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| སྐྱེས་ནས་མ་ཤིའི་བར་དུ་ |
| born not died |
| from birth until death, more lit.: from being born until [one] has died; from being born for [as long as one] has not died |
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| དགུ་པ་གནས་པ་ནི། རྒྱུན་དེ་ཉིད་སྐྱེས་ནས་མ་ཤིའི་བར་དུ་མི་འཇིག་པར་ཡོད་པའོ། |
| ninth subsistence continuum that born not died not disintegrate exist [is] |
| The ninth: Subsistence is to exist in a non-disintegrated [way] from being born until [one] has died. |
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| རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་མཆོག་མ་ཐོབ་བར་དུ་ |
| miraculous display supreme not obtained (transitive grammar)' |
| until [one] has obtained the [ability of] supreme miraculous displays; |
| དེ་ལས་གྲོལ་བར་འདོད་པའི་བསམ་པས་གནས་སྐབས་དུས་ཇི་སྲིད་འཚོ་བའི་བར་དང་མཐར་ཐུག་ |
| that liberated wish intention temporary time for as long alive and ultimate |
| རང་ལམ་གྱི་འབྲས་བུ་མ་ཐོབ་བར་དུ་སྐྱབས་སུ་འགྲོ་ |
| ones path result not attained to take refuge |
| With the intention to be liberated from that [samsara one] takes refuge temporary for as long as [one] is alive and ultimately until [one] obtains the result of one's path. |
Postpositions with ནས་
[...]
- ↑ recently adopted