Tibetan Grammar - 'la don' particles: Difference between revisions

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{{gsample|སྔར་ནས་འདྲིས་པའི་གྲོགས་པོ་|past  to be acquainted  friend|the friend [one] is acquainted with from the past}}
{{gsample|སྔར་ནས་འདྲིས་པའི་གྲོགས་པོ་|past  to be acquainted  friend|the friend [one] is acquainted with from the past}}


===Purpose===
{{gsample|ཞིང་པ་རྣམས་ཀྱིས་ལོ་ཏོག་སྨིན་པ་ལ་ཆུ་འདྲེན།|farmer pl.        the crop  ripen     water irrigate|The farmers irrigate for the ripening of the crop.}}
===Referential qualifier ({{gtib|ལ་}})===
{{gsample|མོ་ལ་བུ་ཞིག་སྐྱེས།|she child a born|A child was born to her.}}<br>
{{gsample|ང་ལ་ཁྱོད་ཀྱི་སྡིག་པའི་ལས་མི་ཆུང་ངོ།།|I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;evil&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;deeds not small|For me your evil deeds are not small.}}<br>
{{gsample|སེམས་ཅན་ཆེན་པོ་ཐམས་ཅད་ལ་བུ་གཅིག་པ་དང་འདྲ།|Mahasattva&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;son&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;same&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;similar, like|Mahasattva was for everyone like their son.}}<br>
{{gsample|གཟུགས་བརྙན་གྱི་བུད་མེད་ལ་བུད་མེད་དོ་སྙམ་|image, reflection&nbsp;&nbsp;woman&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;woman&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to think|to think in regard to an image of a woman [that it is] a woman}}<br>
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1.5 topical ( ལ་)
དང་པོ་ལ།
first
regarding the first
དང་པོ་རང་ལུགས་བཞག་པ་ལ།
first  own system  to define; to put
firstly, [in regard to] the presentation of our own position
་་་་༌། དེ་ལ་ཡིད་ཆེས་པའི་དད་པ་ནི།
      that      trust              faith
in regard to that, the trusting faith:
1.6  adverbial  སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་
ཁོང་གིས་གསལ་བར་བཤད།
་
he            clear        explained
He explained clearly.
བདེན་པར་ཡོད་པ་
truth          exist
truly existent
མྱུར་དུ་
མྱུར་བ་
quick, swift
quickly, swiftly
                       
དེ་ལྟ་བུར་ཡོད་པ་
དེ་ལྟ་བུ་
that like  be
to be like that
     
རྒྱུན་དུ་
རྒྱུན་
continuum
continuously
རྟག་ཏུ་
རྟག་པ་
permanent
always, constantly, permanently
               
1.7  qualifier of identity / equivalence སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་
For reflections about ambiguities see: "3.2 Note on ambiguities".
མི་དེ་རྣམས་ཆེ་བར་སྣང༌།
human those big to appear
Those people appear as big.
ཁྱིམ་ལ་དུར་ཙམ་དུ་འཛིན།
household grave only  apprehend
to apprehend a household merely as a grave
གཅིག་དུ་མར་སྣང༌།
one    many  appear
one appearing as many
1.8  identity of transformation: what something is transformed into marked by སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་
Objective case
མཁས་པར་འགྱུར་བ་
learned      to become, change into
to become learned
ལྷ་རུ་གྱུར་
god  became
became a god
དུམ་བུར་གཅོད་པ་
pieces      cut
to cut (something) in to pieces
རྒྱལ་པོས་ནི་སྟ་རེས་མགོ་བོ་དུམ་བུར་གསེས།
king              axe    head    pieces    split, shred
The king split the head into pieces with an axe.
1.9  joining of noun and verb སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་
Objective case
These may form new lexicalized1 words.
འོད་དུ་འཚེར་བ་
light    to emit, shine, to be bright
to emit light, to be bright
ཉམས་སུ་  ལེན་
experiences to take
to practice
ཉམས་སུ་  མྱོང་བ་
experiences to experience
to experience
1.10  verbs with la don
The topic here is the usage of the la don particles directly between a (nominalized) verb or a clause ending in a verb and another verb or adjective. e.g.: བླང་བར་རུང་. This usage quite often expresses an infinitive construction or gerund from an English point of view. (There are different approaches and opinions on how to treat this grammatically.) For the usage between clauses see: "1.11  coordination".
See: "3.1 Note on classifications" and "3.3 Note on omissions".
1.10.1  direct verb - verb relation སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་
1.10.1.1  verb and auxiliary verb
རྙེད་པར་འགྱུར།
find        future auxiliary
(one) will find / obtain
རྒྱལ་པོ་བསྲུང་བར་ཡོང༌།
king    protect  future / to come
the king will be protected
ཕྲུ་གུ་སྐྱེས་སུ་ཟིན་ཀྱང་་་
child born  past auxiliary even
even though the child was (already) born, ...
1.10.1.2 modal2 relation
see: "3.1 Note on classifications" and "3.2 note on ambiguities" for a further explanation of these relations and the reasons for the coming classifications and their names.
"expressing a quality"
epistemic status
མྱུར་དུ་འཆི་བར་ངེས་པས་
soon      die        certain
because it is certain [that one] will die soon ...
evaluative status
གཅིག་པུ་འགྲོ་དགོས་
alone      go      need    (omitted  བར་ between the two verbs)
(one) needs to go alone
ཇི་ཙམ་ལེན་ནུས་པ་དེ་ཙམ་བླང་བར་རུང་སྟེ།
as much take able that just take  appropriate
just as much as [one] is able to take on [it] is appropriate to take on
"expressing a feature"
ཐོས་པར་སྙན་པ་
to hear  pleasant
pleasant to hear
་་་འདུལ་བར་སླ་བ་ལ་སེམས་ལྟ་བུ་གཞན་མ་གཟིགས།
tame          easier    mind    like  other  not  seen
....in regard to being easy to tame [I] have not seen anything like the mind3
ཕྲད་པར་ཤིན་ཏུ་དཀའ།
to meet extremely difficult
extremely difficult to meet
སངས་རྒྱས་ཉག་གཅིག་མ་གཏོགས་གཞན་དག་གིས་ཤིན་ཏུ་རྟོགས་པར་དཀའ་སྟེ།
Buddha          only        except          other          extremely understand difficult
Apart from for the Buddha, for all others [this] is extremely difficult to understand
       
1.10.2 qualifier - intransitive verb སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་
"ability"
see: "3.1 Note on classifications"
སྨྲ་བར་ནུས་པ་
speak  able
able to speak
ཆོས་བྱེད་དུ་མི་ཁོམ།
Dharma do not to have time
to not have time to practice the Dharma
place, time, purpose, etc.
གཅིག་པུར་དགྲ་རྒོལ་དུ་སོང་ནས་
alone      enemy  to fight  went
after he went alone to fight the enemy...
identity
same as "1.7  qualifier of identity / equivalence"
see: "3.2 note on ambiguities"
སྒྱུ་མ་ལྟ་བུ་མེད་པ་ལ་ཡོད་པར་སྣང་བ་
illusion like not existing existing appear
like [an] illusion, not existing appears as existing
1.10.3  verbal clause as the patient (object) of a transitive verb སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་
The patient (object) of the verb can be a verb or a whole clause itself which is nominalized and marked by the la don. Verbs which have their object/patient normally in མིང་ཙམ་ have in this case their object marked by the la don.
In some of the following examples the usage of the la don can be interpreted in different ways. Yet in most examples the interpretation of a verbal clause as the patient (object) looks less constructed then its alternative;
see: 3.2 note on ambiguities.
with verbs of "perception and mental activity"
ལེན་པར་ཤེས་པ་
to take    to know
knowing to take; (he) knows to take
གང་ན་གདུལ་བྱ་  ཡོད་པ་དེའི་གནས་སུ་འགྲོ་བར་ཤེས་པ་རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་གྱི་  ཡུལ་ མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ།
where one to be tamed exist that    place    go      know miraculous display place super knowledge
knowing to go to the place where ever those to be tamed are is the super knowledge [of knowing] the places for miraculous displays
བདེ་སྐྱིད་འཐོབ་པར་སེམས་པ།
happiness obtain      think
to think about obtaining happiness
(Verbs like སེམས་པ་ "to think" can also have their object marked with the la don (ལ་), giving it the meaning " to think about, to meditate on"; see: "2.1  patient (object) of a transitive verb" and "Verbs which change their meaning with different syntaxes".
ཟངས་མདོག་དཔལ་གྱི་རི་བོ་པདྨ་འོད་ཀྱི་ཕོ་བྲང་རྟེན་དང་བརྟེན་པར་བཅས་པ་ཐམས་ཅད་དངོས་སུ་བྱོན་ཏེ་
copper-coloured mountain lotus light  palace support and supported together    all    actually came 
རང་གིས་བསྐྱེད་པའི་དམ་ཚིག་པ་ལ་ཆུ་ལ་ཆུ་བཞག་པ་ལྟར་གཉིས་སུ་མེད་པར་ཐིམ་པར་བསམ།
oneself  generated  samaya-sattva water water put    like    two    not  merge/dissolve  meditate/think
To visualize that the Copper-coloured Mountain, the Palace of Lotus Light, together with all the support and all the supported, actually came and merged indivisibly with the samaya-sattva generated by oneself, like water poured into water.
མཉན་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་གྲུ་པ་རྣམས་ཀྱིས་རང་དང་གྲུར་ཞུགས་པའི་མི་ལ་སོགས་པ་ཐམས་ཅད་མཉམ་དུ་
ferry-man  called  boatmen      oneself and boat entered  people and so on    all          together
ཆུའི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་འགྲོ་བར་འདོད་པ་ལྟར་
river other side  go      want      like
[in regard to generating Bodhicitta] that which is called 'ferry-man' is like boatmen wanting themselves together with all the people etc. on the boat to go to the other side of the river
verbs of "communication"
སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་བསྒོམས་པས་སྡིག་པ་བྱང་བར་གསུངས།
shunyata  meditated  negativity  cleaned  taught
[The Buddha] taught that by meditating on shunyata, negativities are purified.
ཞེས་པའི་འགྲེལ་པར། ་་་་་་་་བྱང་སྒྲ་མི་སྙན་ན་ཡོན་ཏན་རིན་ཆེན་བརྩེགས་དང༌། ཁམས་གསུམ་བདེ་རྒྱས་
commentary          north Unpleasant Sound qualities precious piled up and    realms  three bliss expands
སྒྲོན་མེའི་མཆོད་རྟེན་གཉིས་བཞུགས་པར་བཤད་དོ།།
torch          stupa      two    to remain    explained
In the commentary on [the quote]....... [it is] explained [that] ...... in the northern continent "Unpleasant Sound" there are the two stupas "piled up [with] precious qualities" and "torch [that] expands the bliss [in] the three realms".
with verbs of "command, request and supplication" showing the purpose
ཁྱོད་ཀྱིས་བསྟན་བཅོས་འདི་བསྟན་དུ་གསོལ།
you            shastra      this  teach  to request, supplicate
(I) supplicate you to teach this shastra.
རབ་ཏུ་བྱུང་པར་ཞུས།
monastic vows requested
[They] requested monastic vows.
1.10.4  adverbial / simultaneity (of verb - verb) སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་
This usage occurs between two verbs. It can also coordinate a clause within a larger clause or one clause with an other clause (see 1.11.1).
ཆོས་མ་གསུངས་པར་བཞུགས་
Dharma  not taught    stayed
(He) stayed, (in the manner of / while) not teaching the Dharma.
བདེ་གཤེགས་སྙིང་པོ་ལུས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད་ཀྱི་རྒྱད་ལ་ཁྱབ་པར་བཞུགས་ཀྱང༌།
Sugatagarbha        beings      all          continuum    pervade  reside  even
even though the Sugatagarbha pervadingly resides in the continuum of all beings ...
གཞན་ཐམས་ཅད་ནི་ཐེག་དམན་ཉན་ཐོས་པ་ཁོ་ན་ཆེར་དར་  ཞིང་ད་ལྟའང་ མ་ནུབ་པར་བཞུགས་པ་ཡིན་ནོ།།
other    all                Hinayana  Shravaka  only great spread and  now even  not sink        remain
regarding all the other [places] the Hinayana alone spread widely and even now remains without declining (sinking)
with omission of the la don
(from the same text as the previous example)
ཐེག་དམན་ཆེར་དར་ད་ལྟའང་མ་ནུབ་བཞུགས།
Hinayana  great spread now  not sink  remain
[there] the Hinayana spread widely and even now remains without declining (sinking)
--!>


[[Category:Tibetan Grammar]]
[[Category:Tibetan Grammar]]

Revision as of 11:51, 14 February 2011

The la don particles

Case Particles
Second Case: Objective Case, ལས་སུ་བྱ་བའི་སྒྲ་ སུ་, རུ་, ཏུ་, དུ་, ན་, ར་, ལ་
Fourth Case: Purposive Case, དགོས་ཆེད་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་ སུ་, རུ་, ཏུ་, དུ་, ན་, ར་, ལ་
Seventh Case: Locative Case, རྟེན་གནས་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་ སུ་, རུ་, ཏུ་, དུ་, ན་, ར་, ལ་

Each of these three Tibetan cases refer to the same set of seven particles. These are the la don particles ལ་, ན་, སུ་, རུ་, ཏུ་, དུ་, ར་. The la don particles are in essence three particles ལ་, ན་ and སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་1 which have overlapping usages within these three cases.

Note: There is no connection between the fact that there are three particles and three cases. The three cases come from Sanskrit grammar which was used to describe Tibetan grammar. It is a coincidence that the three Tibetan particles—combined as the la don—express functions found in the three Sanskrit cases. The three different particles of the la don are not identical in their usage. And though Tibetan grammarians generally try to establish an at least nominal equivalence among them, practically this equivalence does not appear. Because of their overlapping usage and the Tibetan way of combining them as la don these three particles are treated together. An exclusive or predominate usage of the particles for a given function will be pointed out.

1 སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་ are the different spellings of one particle

Independent of verb type

Location in space

Place of activity

(Tib. ལས་སུ་བྱ་བའི་སྒྲ་, Objective case)

སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་རྒྱ་གར་ལ་ཆོས་བསྟན།
Buddha          India      Dharma taught
The Buddha taught the Dharma in India.

Direction

ཞིང་ལ་ཆུ་འདྲེན།
field water irrigate
to irrigate the field


Location in time

Locative case

དེའི་ཚེ་ན་
that time
at that time


ཁོ་ཡུན་རིང་དུ་ལྷ་སར་བསྡད།
he time long Lhasa stayed
He stayed a long time in Lhasa.


དུས་དང་གནས་སྐབས་ཐམས་ཅད་དུ་འཆི་བ་ཁོ་ན་སྒོམས།
time     circumstance   all            death   only meditate
At all times and circumstances meditate only on death.

Adverb of time with ན་

from སྔ་མ་: "in the past, before, past time, earlier"

སྔ་ན
earlier, previously
སྔ་ན་མེད་པ་
previously nonexistent
དུས་སྔ་མ་ནས་ད་ལྟའི་བར་
time former now until
from former times to now

Note: also སྔར་ "in the past, preceding, former, before", with a frozen la don (see: "frozen particles")

སྔར་ནས་འདྲིས་པའི་གྲོགས་པོ་
past  to be acquainted  friend
the friend [one] is acquainted with from the past


Purpose

ཞིང་པ་རྣམས་ཀྱིས་ལོ་ཏོག་སྨིན་པ་ལ་ཆུ་འདྲེན།
farmer pl.        the crop  ripen     water irrigate
The farmers irrigate for the ripening of the crop.


Referential qualifier (ལ་)

མོ་ལ་བུ་ཞིག་སྐྱེས།
she child a born
A child was born to her.


ང་ལ་ཁྱོད་ཀྱི་སྡིག་པའི་ལས་མི་ཆུང་ངོ།།
I     you      evil     deeds not small
For me your evil deeds are not small.


སེམས་ཅན་ཆེན་པོ་ཐམས་ཅད་ལ་བུ་གཅིག་པ་དང་འདྲ།
Mahasattva          all             son   same    similar, like
Mahasattva was for everyone like their son.


གཟུགས་བརྙན་གྱི་བུད་མེད་ལ་བུད་མེད་དོ་སྙམ་
image, reflection  woman   woman    to think
to think in regard to an image of a woman [that it is] a woman



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