Four modes: Difference between revisions
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==Alternative Translations== | ==Alternative Translations== | ||
*Four programs of interpretation (Thurman) | *Four programs of interpretation (Thurman) | ||
*Four styles (Matthew Kapstein) | |||
#lexical | |||
#general | |||
#concealed | |||
#conclusive | |||
==Further Reading== | ==Further Reading== | ||
Revision as of 14:49, 17 July 2011
Four modes (Skt. caturvidha; Wyl. tshul bzhi) are:
- literal (or morphemic) (tshig gi tshul)
- general (spyi'i tshul)
- hidden (sbas pa'i tshul)
- ultimate (mthar thug gi tshul)
Alternative Translations
- Four programs of interpretation (Thurman)
- Four styles (Matthew Kapstein)
- lexical
- general
- concealed
- conclusive
Further Reading
- Robert Thurman. 'Vajra Hermeneutics' in Donald S. Lopez (ed.), Buddhist Hermeneutics. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1993
- Appendix 1. The Six Limits & Four Modes pp.161-166 in The Light of Wisdom Volume 1. Root text by Padmasambhava and commentary by Jamgön Kongtrül the Great. Published by Shambhala Publications ISBN 0-87773-566-2