Tibetan Grammar - Syntactic particles: Difference between revisions

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===5. [[Concessive particle, "ornament gather particle", རྒྱན་སྡུད་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་, ཚིག་རྒྱན་]]===
===5. [[Concessive particle, "ornament gather particle", རྒྱན་སྡུད་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་, ཚིག་རྒྱན་]]===
===6. [[Particle ཡང་]]===
===6. [[Particle ཡང་]]===
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===7. [[Topic particle, ནི་སྒྲ་]]===
7. topic particle ནི་སྒྲ་
===8. [[Completion particle, full stop, སླར་བསྡུ་, རྫོགས་ཚིག་]]===
===9. [[Question particle, differentiating and including particle, འབྱེད་སྡུད་]]===


རྒྱལ་པོས་བཅོམ་པའི་དགྲ་བོ་ནི་རིགས་ངན་གྱིས་རལ་གྲིས་བསད་དོ།།
king      defeated      enemy  cast    bad          sword        killed
The enemy, [who] was defeated by the king, was killed by the executioner with [a] sword.
8. completion particle / full stop  སླར་བསྡུ་ / རྫོགས་ཚིག་
This particle can come at the end of a section of related clauses, a quote or a sentence.
8.1 spelling
The final letter of the last word is duplicated and placed as an extra syllable with an added ོ.
E.g., འདོད་དོ། །,  འདུག་གོ།,  བྱུང་ངོ༌། །,  ཡིན་ནོ། །,  ཐོབ་བོ། །,  སྙམ་མོ། །,  དགར་རོ། །,  འཕེལ་ལོ། །,  བྱས་སོ། །,  གྱུརད་ཏོ། །.
In the case of the final letter འ་ the ོ is added to the འ་ of the word without a duplicated letter.
E.g., འདའ་ and འོ་ becomes འདའོ།།.
In the case of no postfix letter  (མཐའ་མེད་)  an འོ་ is added to the word.
E.g., འགྲོ་  and  འོ་ becomes  འགྲོའོ།།.
8.2 example
དགེ་འདུན་ནི་ས་ཆེན་པ་ལ་གནས་པའི་བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའོ།།
sangha          bhumi          stay            bodhisattva
The sangha are the bodhisattvas, [who] reside on the bhumis.
9. question particle / differentiating and including particle  འབྱེད་སྡུད་
This particle after a clause can mark a question or mean "or" or "and".
9.1 spelling
The final letter of the last word is duplicated and placed as an extra syllable with an added མ་.
E.g., རྟག་གམ།,  བྱུང་ངམ།,  ཡོད་དམ།,  ཡིན་ནམ།,  ཁྱབ་བམ།,  སྒོམ་མམ།,  ཕྱིར་རམ།,  འབྲལ་ལམ།,  བྱས་སམ།,  གྱུརད་ཏམ།.
In the case of the final letter འ་ the མ་ is added to the འ་ of the word without a duplicated letter.
E.g., འདའ་ and འམ་ becomes འདའམ།.
In the case of no postfix letter  (མཐའ་མེད་)  an འམ་ is added to the word or added separately.
E.g., བྱ་  and  འམ་ becomes བྱའམ། or བྱ་འམ།.
Note: ནམ་ when coming before the verb can also be the temporal qualifier or interrogative "when" or "When?".
9.2 question
  མི་  དེ་དགྲ་ཡིན་ནམ།
person that enemy is "?"
Is that person [an] enemy?
9.3 "or" or "and"
ཟག་བཅས་ཀྱི་ལས་དགེ་བའམ་མི་དགེ་བ་
defiled      karma  virtues    non-virtues
defiled karma, either virtues or non-virtues... , defiled karma, be it virtues or non-virtues...
བདེ་བའམ་སྡུག་བསྔལ་ལམ་བཏང་སྙོམས་སུ་མྱོང་བའི་ཚོར་བ་འབྱུང་སྟེ།
happiness  suffering              neutral        experience sensation arise
The sensation of the experience of well-being or the experience of suffering or a neutral experience will arise.
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[[Category:Tibetan Grammar]]
[[Category:Tibetan Grammar]]

Revision as of 09:45, 16 April 2011

WORK IN PROGRESS: the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading.

Articles on Tibetan Grammar
1. Introduction
2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable
3. Formation of the Tibetan Word
4. First case: ming tsam
5. agentive particle
6. Connective Particle
7. La don particles
8. La don particles—Notes
9. Originative case
10. Verbs
11. Verbs—Notes
12. Syntactic particles

by Stefan J. E.

Syntactic Non Case Marking Particles

The following particles are "non case marking" when taking the eight Tibetan cases as base to determine which particles are case marking. Some of them are considered case marking particles in other presentations.

For instance Nicolas Tournadre[1]: "In summary, according to the above morphological analysis, Literary Tibetan has ten grammatical cases:
1. absolutive, ངོ་བོ་ཙམ་, 2. agentive, བྱེད་སྒྲ་, 3. genitive, འབྲེལ་སྒྲ་, 4. dative, ལ་སྒྲ་, 5. purposive, དུ་སྒྲ་, 6. locative, ན་སྒྲ་, 7. ablative, ལས་སྒྲ་, 8. elative, ནས་སྒྲ་, 9. associative, དང་སྒྲ་, and 10. comparative, བས་སྒྲ་."

1. Possessor particle, བདག་སྒྲ་

2. Coordinating particle, དང་སྒྲ་

3. Coordinating particle, ཞིང་

4. Continuative particle, ལྷག་བཅས་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་

5. Concessive particle, "ornament gather particle", རྒྱན་སྡུད་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་, ཚིག་རྒྱན་

6. Particle ཡང་

7. Topic particle, ནི་སྒྲ་

8. Completion particle, full stop, སླར་བསྡུ་, རྫོགས་ཚིག་

9. Question particle, differentiating and including particle, འབྱེད་སྡུད་

Endnotes

  1. ↑ Tournadre, Nicolas: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 9(2): 87-125, 2010, The Classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality—From sacred grammar to modern linguistics.
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