Tibetan Grammar - verbs: Difference between revisions
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== | =Verbs {{gtib|བྱ་ཚིག་}}= | ||
Note: {{gtib|བྱ་ཚིག་}} "action word" is translated as "verb". Even though in English a verb is a word that describes an action or state of being Tibetan grammarians do not classify words describing a mere state of being or existence as {{gtib|བྱ་ཚིག་}}. | |||
==Intransitive and transitive verbs== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#e0f8f8; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="5" border="0" | {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#e0f8f8; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="5" border="0" | ||
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===Introduction to intransitive and transitive verbs=== | |||
===Introduction to transitive | |||
====English language==== | ====English language==== | ||
| Line 42: | Line 43: | ||
|} | |} | ||
There are verbs | There are verbs that can have two objects. These are called ''ditransitive verbs''. In "Douglas gave a vase to him." "vase" is the direct object and "him" is the indirect object. | ||
In English there are verbs that can function as both transitive and intransitive verbs, e.g. "I broke the vase." and "The vase broke." In the second example "broke" can not have an object. | In English there are verbs that can function as both transitive and intransitive verbs, e.g. "I broke the vase." and "The vase broke." In the second example "broke" can not have an object. | ||
'''Note:''' With the help of a prepositional phrase intransitive verbs can also be used in the passive voice, e.g. "The houses were lived in by hundreds of people." | '''Note:''' With the help of a prepositional phrase, intransitive verbs can also be used in the passive voice, e.g. "The houses were lived in by hundreds of people." | ||
====Tibetan language==== | ====Tibetan language==== | ||
In | In Tibetan the grammar for intransitive and transitive verbs is generally as follows: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#f0f8f8; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="5" border="0" | {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#f0f8f8; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="5" border="0" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|Intransitive verbs: | |Intransitive verbs: | ||
| | |theme / subject: [[ming tsam|''ming tsam'']] (no particle) | ||
|qualifier: [[la don|''la don'']] | |qualifier: [[la don|''la don'']] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Transitive verbs: | |Transitive verbs: | ||
|agent / subject: [[agentive]] particle | |agent / subject: [[agentive]] particle | ||
| | |theme / object: [[ming tsam|''ming tsam'']] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
''Theme'' is used here as a convenient term for both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb - both are in ''ming tsam''. The term will be stretched (beyonds its definition from thematic relations) as far as necessary; (e.g. it will also include ''patient'' - undergoes the action and changes its state ).<ref>It does not refer to the sentence- or discourse-level category of "''topic''".</ref> See: [[Note]] | |||
{{Gvsample| | =====Intransitive verbs===== | ||
{{Gvsample|བྱིའུ་ཤི།|small bird died|The small bird died.|ཤི་བ།|འཆི་བ།|འཆི་བ།| |to die|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}<br> | |||
====Transitive verbs==== | =====Transitive verbs===== | ||
{{Gvsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན།|Buddha Dharma taught|The Buddha taught the Dharma.|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན་པ།|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན།|to teach|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}<br> | {{Gvsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན།|Buddha Dharma taught|The Buddha taught the Dharma.|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན་པ།|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན།|to teach|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}<br> | ||
====Verbs with related intransitive and transitive form==== | =====Verbs with related intransitive and transitive form===== | ||
{{Gvsample|འཁོར་ལོ་འཁོར།|wheel turn/spin|The wheel turns.|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།| |to turn|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}<br> | {{Gvsample|འཁོར་ལོ་འཁོར།|wheel turn/spin|The wheel turns.|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།| |to turn|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}<br> | ||
{{Gvsample|བདག་གིས་འཁོར་ལོ་སྐོར།|I wheel turn|I turn the wheel.|བསྐོར་བ།|སྐོར་བ།|བསྐོར་བ།|སྐོར།|to turn|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}<br> | {{Gvsample|བདག་གིས་འཁོར་ལོ་སྐོར།|I wheel turn|I turn the wheel.|བསྐོར་བ།|སྐོར་བ།|བསྐོར་བ།|སྐོར།|to turn|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}<br> | ||
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===Classification of {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པའི་བྱ་ཚིག་}} and {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པའི་བྱ་ཚིག་}} in relation to transitive and intransitive=== | ===Classification of {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པའི་བྱ་ཚིག་}} and {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པའི་བྱ་ཚིག་}} in relation to transitive and intransitive=== | ||
Revision as of 18:27, 8 June 2012
WORK IN PROGRESS (by Stefan J. E.): the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading.
31.Jan.12 The approach to explain Tibetan verbs will be changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent"
| Articles on Tibetan Grammar |
| 1. Introduction |
| 2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable |
| 3. Formation of the Tibetan Word |
| 4. First case: ming tsam |
| 5. agentive particle |
| 6. Connective Particle |
| 7. La don particles |
| 8. La don particles—Notes |
| 9. Originative case |
| 10. Verbs |
| 11. Verbs—Notes |
| 12. Syntactic particles |
[...]
Verbs བྱ་ཚིག་
Note: བྱ་ཚིག་ "action word" is translated as "verb". Even though in English a verb is a word that describes an action or state of being Tibetan grammarians do not classify words describing a mere state of being or existence as བྱ་ཚིག་.
Intransitive and transitive verbs
| All important example sentences are taken from either བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་, བུདྡྷ་པཱ་ལི་ཏ་མཱུ་ལ་མ་དྷྱ་མ་ཀ་བྲྀཏྟི་, མཁན་པོ་གཞན་དགའི་སྤྱོད་འཇུག་གི་མཆད་འགྲེལ་, དྭགས་པོའི་ཐར་རྒྱན་, འཇམ་མགོན་ཀོང་སྤྲུལ་གྱི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཀུན་ཁྱབ་མཛོད་, མཁན་པོ་ཀུན་དཔལ་གྱི་སྤྱོད་འཇུག་གི་ཚིག་འགྲེལ་, or འཇམ་མགོན་མི་ཕམ་རྒྱ་མཚོའི་མཁས་འཇུག་. |
Introduction to intransitive and transitive verbs
English language
- Intransitive: Not passing over to an object; expressing an action or state that is limited to the agent or subject.
- Transitive: Passing over to an object; expressing an action which is not limited to the agent or subject.
| English | |
| Intransitive verbs: | No direct object, might have qualifier, no passive voice: e.g. I go.; I go to the market.; The bird died. |
| Transitive verbs: | Can have a direct object, can form passive voice: e.g. I buy bread.; The bird was killed by the cat. |
There are verbs that can have two objects. These are called ditransitive verbs. In "Douglas gave a vase to him." "vase" is the direct object and "him" is the indirect object.
In English there are verbs that can function as both transitive and intransitive verbs, e.g. "I broke the vase." and "The vase broke." In the second example "broke" can not have an object.
Note: With the help of a prepositional phrase, intransitive verbs can also be used in the passive voice, e.g. "The houses were lived in by hundreds of people."
Tibetan language
In Tibetan the grammar for intransitive and transitive verbs is generally as follows:
| Tibetan | ||
| Intransitive verbs: | theme / subject: ming tsam (no particle) | qualifier: la don |
| Transitive verbs: | agent / subject: agentive particle | theme / object: ming tsam |
Theme is used here as a convenient term for both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb - both are in ming tsam. The term will be stretched (beyonds its definition from thematic relations) as far as necessary; (e.g. it will also include patient - undergoes the action and changes its state ).[1] See: Note
Intransitive verbs
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Transitive verbs
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Endnotes
- ↑ It does not refer to the sentence- or discourse-level category of "topic".