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| | style="color:black;background-color:#f0f8f8;width:18%"|syntactic categorie || style="color:black;background-color:#f0f8f8;width:18%"|syntactic subcategorie || style="color:black;background-color:#f0f8f8;width:64%"|example | | | style="color:black;background-color:#f0f8f8;width:18%"|syntactic categorie || style="color:black;background-color:#f0f8f8;width:18%"|syntactic subcategorie || style="color:black;background-color:#f0f8f8;width:64%"|example |
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| | rowspan="11" valign="top" | ''ming tsam'' intransitive | | | rowspan="11" valign="top" | <div id="ming tsam intransitive extended">''ming tsam'' intransitive</div> |
| | valign="top" | <div id="ming tsam intransitive - stative copula">stative ''copula''</div> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell ''ming tsam'' intransitive --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="ming tsam intransitive - stative copula">stative ''copula''</div> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell ''ming tsam'' intransitive --> |
| | linking verbs: theme in ''ming tsam'', (no agent); <br> {{gtib|ཡིན་པ་}} "to be, are"; [[#stative copula - linking verb|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | linking verbs: theme in ''ming tsam'', (no agent); <br> {{gtib|ཡིན་པ་}} "to be, are"; [[#stative copula - linking verb|<small>(example)</small>]] |
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| | verbs of dependence: theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier: ''la don'', (no agent); <br> {{gtib|རྟེན་པ་}} "to rely, depend"; [[#stative directed|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | verbs of dependence: theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier: ''la don'', (no agent); <br> {{gtib|རྟེན་པ་}} "to rely, depend"; [[#stative directed|<small>(example)</small>]] |
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| | valign="top" | ''agentive'' <!-- column 1 occupied by cell ''ming tsam'' intransitive --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="ming tsam intransitive agentive">''agentive''</div> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell ''ming tsam'' intransitive --> |
| | These are the intransitive aspects of the "verbs of absence and presence": theme in ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier''' with the '''agentive particle''', (no agent); <br> {{gtib|སྟོང་པ་}} "to be empty"; [[#intransitive agentive|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | These are the intransitive aspects of the "verbs of absence and presence": theme in ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier''' with the '''agentive particle''', (no agent); <br> {{gtib|སྟོང་པ་}} "to be empty"; [[#intransitive agentive|<small>(example)</small>]] |
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| | valign="top" | ''associative''<ref>This term "associative" is used in reference to Nicolas Tournadre (University of Provence and CNRS, Lacito, The Classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality, From sacred grammar to modern linguistics, Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 9(2): 87-125). It could also be called "comitative case" or "sociative case".</ref> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell ''ming tsam'' intransitive --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="ming tsam intransitive associative"''associative''</div><ref>This term "associative" is used in reference to Nicolas Tournadre (University of Provence and CNRS, Lacito, The Classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality, From sacred grammar to modern linguistics, Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 9(2): 87-125). It could also be called "comitative case" or "sociative case".</ref> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell ''ming tsam'' intransitive --> |
| | intransitive "verbs of interrelation": conjunctive and disjunctive verbs, verbs of agreement, comparison, possession II: theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier: associative particle དང་, (no agent); [[#associative|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | intransitive "verbs of interrelation": conjunctive and disjunctive verbs, verbs of agreement, comparison, possession II: theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier: associative particle དང་, (no agent); [[#associative|<small>(example)</small>]] |
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| | valign="top" | originative <!-- column 1 occupied by cell ''ming tsam'' intransitive --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="ming tsam intransitive originative">originative</div> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell ''ming tsam'' intransitive --> |
| | intransitive verbs of separation; theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier with the originative particle, (no agent); [[#originative|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | intransitive verbs of separation; theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier with the originative particle, (no agent); [[#originative|<small>(example)</small>]] |
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| | valign="top" | stative irregular <!-- column 1 occupied by cell ''ming tsam'' intransitive --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="ming tsam intransitive stative irregular">stative irregular</div> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell ''ming tsam'' intransitive --> |
| | evaluative verbs: theme in ''ming tsam'' or with ''la don'' or agentive particle; <br> {{gtib|རུང་བ་}} "suitable", {{gtib|འཐུས་པ་}} "to be sufficient"; [[#stative irregular|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | evaluative verbs: theme in ''ming tsam'' or with ''la don'' or agentive particle; <br> {{gtib|རུང་བ་}} "suitable", {{gtib|འཐུས་པ་}} "to be sufficient"; [[#stative irregular|<small>(example)</small>]] |
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| | ditransitive verbs where the action upon the theme (object) by the agent is directed towards a recipient (indirect object); these are verbs expressing any transfer of goods, information or action and verbs expressing to produce something for somebody: agent with agent with agentive particle, theme in ''ming tsam'', recipient with ''la don''; <br> {{gtib|སྦྱིན་པ་}} "to give"; [[#ditransitive|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | ditransitive verbs where the action upon the theme (object) by the agent is directed towards a recipient (indirect object); these are verbs expressing any transfer of goods, information or action and verbs expressing to produce something for somebody: agent with agent with agentive particle, theme in ''ming tsam'', recipient with ''la don''; <br> {{gtib|སྦྱིན་པ་}} "to give"; [[#ditransitive|<small>(example)</small>]] |
| |- | | |- |
| | valign="top" | ''agentive'' <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive transitive --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="agentive transitive agentive">''agentive''</div> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive transitive --> |
| | the transitive dynamic verbs of the semantic group of the verbs of presence: agent with agentive particle, theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier-the material used for the action wtih agentive particle; <br> {{gtib|འགེངས་པ་}} "to fill with"; [[#agentive|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | the transitive dynamic verbs of the semantic group of the verbs of presence: agent with agentive particle, theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier-the material used for the action wtih agentive particle; <br> {{gtib|འགེངས་པ་}} "to fill with"; [[#agentive|<small>(example)</small>]] |
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| | valign="top" | associative <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive transitive --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="agentive transitive associative">associative</div> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive transitive --> |
| | transitive verbs of interrelation - conjunctive or disjunctive verbs, verbs of agreement, comparison: theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier with associative particle; [[#associative|<small>(example)</small>]]<br>''Examples with a stated agent are very difficult to find for this type of verb. If there were to be an example with a stated agent then this agent would be marked with the agentive particle.'' | | | transitive verbs of interrelation - conjunctive or disjunctive verbs, verbs of agreement, comparison: theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier with associative particle; [[#associative|<small>(example)</small>]]<br>''Examples with a stated agent are very difficult to find for this type of verb. If there were to be an example with a stated agent then this agent would be marked with the agentive particle.'' |
| |- | | |- |
| | valign="top" | originative <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive transitive --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="agentive transitive originative">originative</div> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive transitive --> |
| | transitive verbs of separation; theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier with originative particle; <br>''Examples with a stated agent are very difficult to find for this type of verb. If there were to be an example with a stated agent then this agent would be marked with the agentive particle.''; [[#originative|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | transitive verbs of separation; theme in ''ming tsam'', qualifier with originative particle; <br>''Examples with a stated agent are very difficult to find for this type of verb. If there were to be an example with a stated agent then this agent would be marked with the agentive particle.''; [[#originative|<small>(example)</small>]] |
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| | rowspan="4" valign="top" | agentive ''directed'' | | | rowspan="4" valign="top" | agentive ''directed'' |
| | valign="top" | <div id="intransitive dynamic directed">intransitive dynamic ''directed''</div> <br>see [ ] for the discussion about these verbs <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive ''directed'' --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="agentive directed intransitive dynamic directed">intransitive dynamic ''directed''</div> <br>see [ ] for the discussion about these verbs <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive ''directed'' --> |
| | some intentional verbs of perception: perceiver with agentive particle, direction with ''la don''; <br> {{gtib|ལྟ་བ་}} "to look"<ref>{{gtib|ལྟ་བ་}} is mostly seen with agentive directed grammar. Other intentional verbs of perception e.g.{{gtib|ཉན་པ་}} "to listen" can be seen with either agentive transitive or agentive directed grammar.</ref>; [[#intentional verbs of perception|<small>(example)</small>]] <br> verbs expressing "to make effort, to engage in": the one who makes the effort with agentive particle, that what the effort is towards with ''la don''; <br> {{gtib|འབད་པ་}} "to make effort"; [[#verbs expressing "to make effort, to engage in"|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | some intentional verbs of perception: perceiver with agentive particle, direction with ''la don''; <br> {{gtib|ལྟ་བ་}} "to look"<ref>{{gtib|ལྟ་བ་}} is mostly seen with agentive directed grammar. Other intentional verbs of perception e.g.{{gtib|ཉན་པ་}} "to listen" can be seen with either agentive transitive or agentive directed grammar.</ref>; [[#intentional verbs of perception|<small>(example)</small>]] <br> verbs expressing "to make effort, to engage in": the one who makes the effort with agentive particle, that what the effort is towards with ''la don''; <br> {{gtib|འབད་པ་}} "to make effort"; [[#verbs expressing "to make effort, to engage in"|<small>(example)</small>]] |
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| | valign="top" | ''indirect ditransitive'' /<br>''indirect transitive directed''<br>see [ ] for the discussion about these terms and the verbs <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive ''directed'' --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="agentive indirect ditransitive">''indirect ditransitive''</div> /<br><div id="indirect transitive directed">''indirect transitive directed''</div><br>see [ ] for the discussion about these terms and the verbs <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive ''directed'' --> |
| | verbs of harm and benefit; that what effects the harm with agentive particle, the recipient-the one or that what is harmed-with la don; <br> {{gtib|གནོས་པ་}} "to harm"; [[#verbs of benefit and harm|<small>(example)</small>]]<br>surface contact verbs; [[#surface contact verbs|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | verbs of harm and benefit; that what effects the harm with agentive particle, the recipient-the one or that what is harmed-with la don; <br> {{gtib|གནོས་པ་}} "to harm"; [[#verbs of benefit and harm|<small>(example)</small>]]<br>surface contact verbs; [[#surface contact verbs|<small>(example)</small>]] |
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| | valign="top" | stative ''directed'' <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive ''directed'' --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="agentive directed stative directed"><stative ''directed''</div> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive ''directed'' --> |
| | {{gtib|ཁྱབ་པ་}} "to pervade, permeate, be present throughout" ([[#stative directed|see below]]) | | | {{gtib|ཁྱབ་པ་}} "to pervade, permeate, be present throughout" ([[#stative directed|see below]]) |
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| | valign="top" | transitive verbs with ''directed grammar'' <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive ''directed'' --> | | | valign="top" | <div id="agentive directed transitive verbs with directed grammar">transitive verbs with ''directed grammar''</div> <!-- column 1 occupied by cell agentive ''directed'' --> |
| | These are: <br> verbs of mental activity when the "object of interest" is actively engaged in. They then have the theme (or direction, [[#Verbs of mental activity|see below]]) with ''la don''. <br> {{gtib|དཔྱོད་པ་}} "to examine" <br> verbs with referential ''la don'' {{gtib|ལ་}}: verbs expressing identity and equivalence can have their theme with ''la don'' {{gtib|ལ་}} and the qualifier with ''la don'' {{gtib|སུ་}} etc.; <br> {{gtib|འཛིན་པ་}} "to apprehend (something as something)"; [[#verbs with referential la don|<small>(example)</small>]] | | | These are: <br> verbs of mental activity when the "object of interest" is actively engaged in. They then have the theme (or direction, [[#Verbs of mental activity|see below]]) with ''la don''. <br> {{gtib|དཔྱོད་པ་}} "to examine" <br> verbs with referential ''la don'' {{gtib|ལ་}}: verbs expressing identity and equivalence can have their theme with ''la don'' {{gtib|ལ་}} and the qualifier with ''la don'' {{gtib|སུ་}} etc.; <br> {{gtib|འཛིན་པ་}} "to apprehend (something as something)"; [[#verbs with referential la don|<small>(example)</small>]] |
| |} | | |} |
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| ====Intentional Verbs of Perception==== | | ====Intentional Verbs of Perception==== |
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| category: [[#intransitive dynamic directed|agentive directed - intransitive dynamic directed]] | | category: [[#agentive directed intransitive dynamic directed|agentive directed - intransitive dynamic directed]] |
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| Some intentional verbs of perception e.g. like {{gtib|ལྟ་བ་}} "to look" have or can have ''agentive directed'' grammar. They have the direction of their attention marked with a ''la don''. Their grammar can be irregular.<br> | | Some intentional verbs of perception e.g. like {{gtib|ལྟ་བ་}} "to look" have or can have ''agentive directed'' grammar. They have the direction of their attention marked with a ''la don''. Their grammar can be irregular.<br> |
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| ====Verbs Expressing "to Make Effort, to Engage In"==== | | ====Verbs Expressing "to Make Effort, to Engage In"==== |
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| category: [[#intransitive dynamic directed|agentive directed - intransitive dynamic directed]]<br> | | category: [[#agentive directed intransitive dynamic directed|agentive directed - intransitive dynamic directed]]<br> |
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| "Verbs expressing 'to make effort, to engage in'" are categorized as {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}} while they are not transitive. These verbs have their theme, "the effort" etc. lexicalized in the verb and do not have a theme (object) as a participant <ref> a constituent of the clause that has a relation with the main verb</ref> (in ''ming tsam''). They do have a direction of the action, "what the effort is toward" marked by ''la don''.<ref>Verbs like "to strive" are intransitive verbs in English, accompanied by a qualifier stating what one is striving for.<br>S.V.Beyer designates {{gtib|རྩོལ་}} and {{gtib|བརྩོན་}} as intransitive verbs (S.V.B., The Classic Tibetan Language p.341) and in "A Tibetan Verb Lexicon" for {{gtib|འབད་}}"to make effort" (p. 131 {{gtib|འབད་}} "verb class VI" / "Agentive-Objective Verb") the example given is {{gtib|སྙིང་ནས་གྲོལ་བ་དོན་དུ་གཉེར་བའི་གང་ཟག་གིས། བདག་མེད་པའི་ལྟ་བ་རྣམ་པར་དག་པ་ཁོང་དུ་ཆུད་པའི་ཐབས་ལ་འབད་དགོས།}} "Persons who from the depths of their hearts seek liberation must work at the means of understanding the correct view of selflessness." </ref><br> | | "Verbs expressing 'to make effort, to engage in'" are categorized as {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}} while they are not transitive. These verbs have their theme, "the effort" etc. lexicalized in the verb and do not have a theme (object) as a participant <ref> a constituent of the clause that has a relation with the main verb</ref> (in ''ming tsam''). They do have a direction of the action, "what the effort is toward" marked by ''la don''.<ref>Verbs like "to strive" are intransitive verbs in English, accompanied by a qualifier stating what one is striving for.<br>S.V.Beyer designates {{gtib|རྩོལ་}} and {{gtib|བརྩོན་}} as intransitive verbs (S.V.B., The Classic Tibetan Language p.341) and in "A Tibetan Verb Lexicon" for {{gtib|འབད་}}"to make effort" (p. 131 {{gtib|འབད་}} "verb class VI" / "Agentive-Objective Verb") the example given is {{gtib|སྙིང་ནས་གྲོལ་བ་དོན་དུ་གཉེར་བའི་གང་ཟག་གིས། བདག་མེད་པའི་ལྟ་བ་རྣམ་པར་དག་པ་ཁོང་དུ་ཆུད་པའི་ཐབས་ལ་འབད་དགོས།}} "Persons who from the depths of their hearts seek liberation must work at the means of understanding the correct view of selflessness." </ref><br> |
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| {{grules|agent (subject): agentive particle; qualifier, direction - what the effort is towards:: ''la don''}}<br> | | {{grules|agent (subject): agentive particle; qualifier, direction - what the effort is towards: ''la don''}}<br> |
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| {{gsample|སློབ་སྦྱོང་ལ་འབོད་ཅིག|study make effort <small>'''imperative particle'''</small>|Make effort in your studies!}}<br> | | {{gsample|སློབ་སྦྱོང་ལ་འབོད་ཅིག|study make effort <small>'''imperative particle'''</small>|Make effort in your studies!}}<br> |
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| {{gsample|སྒོ་གསུམ་གྱིས་བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སྤྱོད་པ་ལ་འགྲུས་པར་མཛད།|door three bodhisattva conduct persevere to make|(One) will persevere in the bodhisattva conduct through body, speech and mind.}} | | {{gsample|སྒོ་གསུམ་གྱིས་བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སྤྱོད་པ་ལ་འགྲུས་པར་མཛད།|door three bodhisattva conduct persevere to make|(One) will persevere in the bodhisattva conduct through body, speech and mind.}} |
| :'''Note:''' {{gtib|བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སྤྱོད་པ་}} is short for {{gtib|བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའི་སྤྱོད་པ་}}<br> | | :'''Note:''' {{gtib|བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སྤྱོད་པ་}} is short for {{gtib|བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའི་སྤྱོད་པ་}}<br> |
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| {{gsample|ལས་དོན་ལ་རྩོལ་བ།|undertaking to endeavor|to endeavor in the undertaking}}<br> | | {{gsample|ལས་དོན་ལ་རྩོལ་བ།|undertaking to endeavor|to endeavor in the undertaking}}<br> |
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| | ====verbs of pervasion==== |
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| <!--
| | category: [[#agentive directed stative directed|agentive directed - stative directed]]<br> |
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| [verb box test]
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| {{GverbMB|སྦྲེལ་བ་|agentive transitve|ཐ་དད་པ་|to connect, attach, link, bind together|སྦྲེལ་བ།|སྦྲེལ་བ།|སྦྲེལ་བ།|སྦྲེལ།|}}<br>
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black; background-color:#ffffcc; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #aaa; " cellspacing="0" border="1"
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| |གུས་པ།|གུས་པ།|གུས་པ།| |to respect|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
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| {{Gvsample|ཁོ་ལྷ་སར་ཕྱིན།|he Lhasa went|He went to Lhasa.|ཕྱིན་པ་, སོང་བ།|འགྲོ་བ།|འགྲོ་བ།|སོང།|to go|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}<br>
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| ===Classification of {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པའི་བྱ་ཚིག་}} and {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པའི་བྱ་ཚིག་}} in relation to transitive and intransitive===
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| * {{gtib|བྱ་བྱེད་ཐ་དད་པའི་བྱ་ཚིག་}} "verb were the action and the doer of the action are different"
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| * {{gtib|བྱ་བྱེད་ཐ་མི་དད་པའི་བྱ་ཚིག་}} "verb were the action and the doer of the action are not different"
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| '''In dictionaries'''
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| The {{gtib|བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}} is the most important Tibetan-Tibetan dictionary. It’s classification of verbs into {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} and {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}} has been directly copied into more than one Tibetan-English dictionary, using the Latin-derived categories of ''intransitive'' and ''transitive'' verbs. Yet it should be noted that some of the verbs which are classified as {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} in the {{gtib|བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}} correspond in terms of grammar to transitive verbs and not to intransitive verbs. Even among the Tibetan grammar treatises there is disagreement about the classification into {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} and {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}}, for example the unintentional verbs of perception are classified as {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} in the {{gtib|བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}, but in other Tibetan-grammar treatises considered to be {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}} (Note: they do have the grammar of ''transitive verbs'').<ref>See: [[#Transitive verbs—ཐ་དད་པ་, and ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ classified verbs with transitive grammar|Transitive verbs—ཐ་དད་པ་, and ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ classified verbs with transitive grammar]].</ref>
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| The point is that it could be at times puzzling seeing a verb with ''transitive grammar'' being labeled as ''intransitive verb'' or classified as {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}.
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| ===Tibetan classification of {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}} and {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}===
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| From the ''Great Tibetan Chinese Dictionary'', {{gtib|བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}:
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| * {{gtib|བྱ་བྱེད་ཐ་དད་}}: {{gtib|རྟགས་ཀྱི་འཇུག་པའི་དགོངས་དོན་ལྟར་དངོས་པོ་གང་ཞིག་ལ་ལས་ཀ་གང་ཞིག་བྱེད་པ་པོ་གཞན་གྱིས་དངོས་སུ་སྒྲུབ་པར་བྱེད་པ།}}
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| :"'Action and doer different' is, like the intended meaning in the ''thak jug pa'', the doing of whatever work / action in regard to whatever thing by a different (lit. other) doer."
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| * {{gtib|བྱ་བྱེད་ཐ་མི་དད་}}: {{gtib|རྟགས་ཀྱི་འཇུག་པའི་དགོངས་དོན་ལྟར་དངོས་པོ་གང་ཞིག་ལ་ལས་ཀ་གང་ཞིག་བྱེད་པ་པོ་གཞན་དངོས་སུ་མེད་པར་རང་གི་ངང་གིས་འགྲུབ་པ།}}
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| :"'Action and doer not different' is, like the intended meaning in the ''thak jug pa'', the naturally coming about of whatever work / action in regard to whatever thing without a different (lit. other) doer."
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| In short {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}} "the action to a thing by a different doer" and {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} is the "naturally coming about of the action without a different doer".
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| {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}} and {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} are also described through the relation of བདག་ "self" and བཞན་ "other". From the "Great Tibetan Chinese Dictionary" {{gtib|བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}, refering to {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}} verbs:
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| * {{gtib|རྟག་འཇུག་སྐབས་ཀྱི་བྱེད་པ་པོ་དང་བྱ་བའི་ཡུལ་ཡིན་ལ་དེ་ཡང་བྱེད་པོ་གཙོ་ཕལ་དང་བྱེད་པའི་ལས་བཅས་དངོས་པོ་བདག་གི་ཁོངས་སུ་འདུ་བ་དང༌། བྱ་ཡུལ་བྱ་ལས་དང་བཅས་པ་དངོས་པོ་བཞན་གྱི་ཁོངས་སུ་འདུ།}}
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| :"In the context of the thak jug: when there is a 'doer' and the 'object of the action to be performed', then the 'principal' (agent) and 'complement' (instrument) which are connected with the {{gtib|བྱེད་པའི་ལས་}} 'verb function done by an agent' are included within the category {{gtib|དངོས་པོ་བདག་}} 'self thing'. The 'object of the action to be performed' which is connected with {{gtib|བྱ་ལས་}} 'action done to the object' is included within the category {{gtib|དངོས་པོ་བཞན་}} 'other thing'."
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| This means, a {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}} verb is a verb where there is an agent which is different from the patient / object of the action and with that there is {{gtib|བདག་}} (self) and {{gtib|བཞན་}} (other) and a connection between the two. Viewed from the agent side there is {{gtib|བྱེད་པའི་ལས་}} the action that happens at the time when a transitive agent does something to its patient / (object of the verb), viewed from the patient (object) side there is {{gtib|བྱ་ལས་}} the action that will happen to the patient (object)—{{gtib|བྱ་ཡུལ་དང་འབྲེལ་བའི་བྱ་བ་}} "the deed that is connected with the object".
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| And a {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} verb is a verb where there is no agent with a different patient (object) of the action, so {{gtib|བདག་གཞན་དང་དངོས་སུ་འབྲེལ་བ་མིན།}}, "there is not an actual connection between {{gtib|བདག་}} and {{gtib|བཞན་}}."
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| Peter Schwieger points out<ref>'''Peter Schwieger:''' ''Handbuch zur Grammatik der klassischen tibetischen Schriftsprache.'', 2009.</ref> that except for the verbs of motion, existence and living the categories of {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}} and {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} matches with the differentiation into voluntary and involuntary verbs and that the difference between ཐ་དད་པ་instant involuntary verbs of perception and ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ is made upon the existence or missing of an agens and not the existence or missing of an object.<ref>'''Peter Schwieger:''' ''Handbuch zur Grammatik der klassischen tibetischen Schriftsprache'' p.75, n.1: ''Wesentlich für die Differenzierung ཐ་དད་པ་ und ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ ist mithin nicht das Vorhandensein oder Fehlen eines Objektes, sondern das Vorhandensein oder Fehlen des Agens.''—Essential for the differentiation between ཐ་དད་པ་ and ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ therefore is not existence or non-existence of an object, but the existence or non-existence of an agent."</ref>
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| This comes with the side effect that, for instance, involuntary verbs of perception and mental activity are categorized as {{gtib|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} yet they have their ''agent'' (subject) marked with agentive case and their ''patient'' (object) in ''ming tsam'' (no particle) which is the same for {{gtib|ཐ་དད་པ་}} verbs.
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| ==Introduction to classifications of verbs according to their grammar==
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| '''Note:''' This is not at all exhaustive. It is a short overview about the kind of verbs that can be encountered in Tibetan.
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| ===Linking verb===
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| {{Grule|'''Patient'''<ref>The patient of a static verb is often called "'''theme'''"; its qualifier is called "'''complement'''". Here the complement of the linking verb is called "qualifier". See also: Verbs - Notes, 1.2.1 patient</ref> (subject): ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier''': ''ming tsam'', strict "first patient, then qualifier" word order}}<br>
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| {{Gsample|དམར་པོ་ནི་ཁ་དོག་ཡིན།|red colour is|Red is [a] colour.}}
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| ===Intransitive verbs བྱ་བྱེད་ཐ་མི་དད་པའི་བྱ་ཚིག་—ཐ་མི་དད་པ་===
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| {{Grule|'''Patient''' (subject): ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier''': ''la don''}}<br>
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| {{Gvsample|ཉི་མ་ཤར།|sun arose|The sun arose.|ཤར་བ།|འཆར་བ།|འཆར་བ།| |to arise|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}<br>
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| '''Verbs of motion''': འགྲོ་བ་, to go, མཆོང་བ་, to jump.
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| {{Gvsample|ཁོ་ལྷ་སར་ཕྱིན།|he Lhasa went|He went to Lhasa.|ཕྱིན་པ་, སོང་བ།|འགྲོ་བ།|འགྲོ་བ།|སོང།|to go|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}<br>
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| '''Unintentional verbs''': འཆི་བ་, to die, ལྷུང་བ་, to fall.
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| '''Unintentional verbs of feeling''': བཀྲེས་པ་, to be hungry, ངལ་བ་, to be tired.
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| '''Verbs of emotion, attitude verbs'''
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| {{Grule|'''Patient''' (subject): ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier''', that which the attitude is towards: ''la don''.}}<br>
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| {{Gvsample|དཔའ་བོ་ལ་གུས་པ་|hero respect|respect towards the hero|གུས་པ།|གུས་པ།|གུས་པ།| |to respect|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| ===Transitive verbs—ཐ་དད་པ་, and ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ classified verbs with transitive grammar===
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| {{Grule|Transitive verbs: '''agent''' (subject): ''agentive particle'', '''patient''' (object): ''ming tsam''.}}<br>
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| {{Gvsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན།|Buddha Dharma taught|The Buddha taught the Dharma.|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན་པ།|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན།|to teach|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| | These verbs are similar the category of the verbs of presence with the exception that the effected participant is not in ''ming tsam''. |
| | The verb {{gtib|ཁྱབ་པ་ }} means "to pervade, permeate, be present throughout" and "it logically pervades", "it follows" when used in logical arguments and debate. Its grammar is irregular. |
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| '''Transitive verbs with patient marked by ''la don'''''
| | {{GverbMB|ཁྱབ་པ་|agentive directed|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་|to pervade, permeate|ཁྱབ།|ཁྱབ།|ཁྱབ།||}}<br> |
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| {{Grule|'''Agent''' (subject): ''agentive particle'', '''patient''' (object): ''la don''.}}<br> | | {{grules|agent (subject): agentive particle; qualifier - direction, space: ''la don''}}<br> |
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| See: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs - notes|Verbs—Notes]], particularly: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs - notes#How the categories of 'transitive' and 'intransitive' are used here|How the categories of 'transitive' and 'intransitive' are used here]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs - notes#Conclusion: advantages vs. problems|Conclusion: advantages vs. problems]] and [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs - notes#'verbs and their cases', considerations and conclusion|'verbs and their cases', considerations and conclusion]]
| | {{Gsample|སེམས་ཉིད་རང་བྱུང་གི་ཡེ་ཤེས་ཀྱིས་འཁོར་འདས་ཀུན་ལ་ཁྱབ་ཀྱང་།|mind itself self arisen wisdom samsara nirvana all pervade even|even though the self arisen primordial wisdom [of] the essence of mind, pervades all of samsara and nirvana ...}}<br> |
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| {{Gvsample|ཁོས་མོ་ལ་བལྟས།|he she looked|He looked at her.|བལྟས་པ།|ལྟ་བ།|བལྟ་བ།|ལྟོས།|to look|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}<br> | | {{Gsample|འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི་ཁམས་ཀྱི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད་ལ་དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ཏིལ་འབྲུ་ལ་མར་གྱིས་ཁྱབ་པ་བཞིན་དུ་གནས་སོ།།|world realm sentient being all Tathagata essence sesame seed oil pervade like abide|Buddha nature (essence of the Tathagata) abides in all sentient beings of the realms of the world like oil is throughout present within sesame seeds.}}<br> |
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| {{Gvsample|ནད་ཀྱིས་ལུས་ལ་གནོད།|illness body to harm|The illness harmed the body.|གནོད་པ།|གནོད་པ།|གནོད་པ།| |to harm|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| | Example with [[#ming tsam intransitive extended| ''ming tsam'' intransitive directed or located]] grammar<br> |
| | {{grules|theme: ''ming tsam''; qualifier: ''la don''}}<br> |
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| '''Ditransitive verbs''' | | {{Gsample|ཉི་མའི་འོད་ཟེར་ཕྱོགས་མཚམས་ཀུན་ཏུ་ཁྱབ་པ།|sun light ray directions<ref>cardinal and intermediate directions</ref> all pervade|The sun's ray pervade (shone / shine) in all directions (everywhere).}}<br> |
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| *If the '''patient''' (object) of a transitive verb is marked by a ''la don'' particle, then it is usually with verbs where the object is only affected by the action expressed, but is not produced or the direct meaning of the action.<br>
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| {{Grule|'''Agent''' (subject): ''agentive particle'', '''patient''' (object): ''ming tsam'', '''recipient''' (indirect object): ''la don''.}}<br> | | Example of the debate style usage<br> |
| | {{grules|"that what logical follows" (or is claimed to do so): agentive particle}}<br> |
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| * Typical ditransitive verbs are "to give", "to sell", "to bring", "to tell" and generally any verb expressing any transfer of goods, information or action producing something. E.g.: "She gave him ten silver.", "I read the books to him.", "She is baking a cake for him.".
| | {{Gsample|མི་ཡིན་ན་སེམས་ཅན་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ།|human be if sentient being be follows (logically pervades)|If [a phenomena] is a human being it follows that [that phenomena] is a sentient being.}}<br> |
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| {{Gvsample|སྨན་པས་ནད་པ་ལ་སྨན་སྟེར།|doctor the ill medicine give|The doctor gives medicine to the ill.|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར།|to give|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}<br>
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| ====ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ classified verbs with transitive grammar====
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| <!--
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| {{Grule|We really should spend a few words here.}}<br>
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| -->
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| <!-- | | <!-- |
| '''Unintentional verbs of perception'''
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| * to see, {{gtib|མཐོང་བ་}}; to hear, {{gtib|ཐོས་པ་}}.
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| These verbs have an unintentional meaning to them, and have an intentional counterpart. E.g. unintentional "to see", {{gtib|མཐོང་བ་}} and intentional "to look", {{gtib|ལྟ་བ་}}.
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| {{Gvsample|མདུན་ལམ་གསལ་པོར་མཐོང་བ།|front way clearly see|to see clearly the way in front|མཐོང་བ།|མཐོང་བ།|མཐོང་བ།| |to see|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}}<br>
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| The agent (subject) is omitted, the patient (object) {{gtib|མདུན་ལམ་}} is in ming tsam.
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| '''Verbs of "understanding"'''
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| * to understand, {{gtib|ཧ་གོ་བ་}}; to know, to cognize, {{gtib|ཤེས་པ་}}; to know, to understand {{gtib|རྟོགས་པ་}}
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| {{Gvsample|ཁོས་ཧ་མ་གོ|he not understand|He doesn’t understand.|གོ་བ།|གོ་བ།|གོ་བ།| |to understand|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}}
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| {{gtib|ཧ་གོ་བ་}} derived from {{gtib|གོ་བ་}}.
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| * The agent (subject) {{gtib|ཁོ་}} is marked by the agentive particle.
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| '''Some "passive / fruitional" verbs'''
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| * to benefit, help, {{gtib|ཕན་པ་}}; to attain, to obtain, {{gtib|འཐོབ་པ་}}; to find, get, discover, gain, {{gtib|རྙེད་པ་}}.
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| :Note: The difficulty with {{gtib|ཕན་པ་}} is to find an example with a stated agent. In most cases there is only an instrument, source or reason given. The instrument is in the agentive case which effects the action (the benefiting), the action is not done by the patient (the benefited), so {{gtib|ཕན་པ་}} has the characteristics of a transitive verb.
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| {{Gvsample|བདུད་རྩི་ལྟ་བུའི་ཆོས་ཤིག་བདག་གིས་རྙེད།|nectar like Dharma a/one I found|I have found this nectar like Dharma.|རྙེད་པ།|རྙེད་པ།|རྙེད་པ།| |to find|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}}
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| * The agent (subject) {{gtib|བདག་}} is marked by the agentive particle.
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| {{Gvsample|ཀུན་དགའ་བོས་དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ་ཉིད་ཐོབ་བོ།།|Ananda arhat attained|Ananda attained [the state of an] arhat.|ཐོབ་པ།|འཐོབ་པ།|འཐོབ་པ།| |to attain|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}}<br>
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| {{Gvsample|བདག་གིས་གཞན་ལ་ཕན་པར་བྱ།|I other benefit will ''(auxiliary verb)''|I will benefit others.<ref>This example is taken from ''A Tibetan Verb Lexicon'' by '''P.G.Hackett''' (which states ''Prajnakaramati's Commentary to the Bodhicaryavatara'' as source). Interestingly, there the verb ཕན་པ་ is classified as "Class III Nominative-Objective Verb" which means an intransitive verb with a qualifier marked by the ''la don'', which seems to be rather miss-matched with the given example (having a stated agent in the agentive case and the one experiencing the benefit གཞན་ marked by the ''la don'').</ref>|ཕན་པ།|ཕན་པ།|ཕན་པ།| |to benefit|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}}
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| * The agent (subject) {{gtib|བདག་}} is marked by the agentive particle the patient (which "experiences" the benefit) marked by {{gtib|ལ་}}.
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| {{Gsample|སྨན་གྱིས་ནད་ལ་ཕན།|medicine illness benefit|The medicine helps against the illness.}}
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|
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| ===Verbs with noticeable grammar===
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| '''Verbs of necessity'''
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|
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| {{Grule|'''Qualifier''', that which needs: ''la don'', '''patient''', that what is needed: ''ming tsam''}}<br>
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| {{Gvsample|མྱུ་གུ་ལ་ཆུ་དགོས།|sprouts water need|Sprouts need water.|དགོས་པ།|དགོས་པ།|དགོས་པ།| |to need|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}<br>
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| Note: In Tibetan, the patient (subject) of the verb {{gtib|དགོས་པ་}} "to need" is that what is needed, it "performs" the action "to be needed", (the "water" in the example). What or whom 'needs' is the qualifier (the "sprouts"). This is different in English where the subject of the verb "to need" is the one who needs something. E.g. In "He needs water", "he" is the subject.
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|
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| '''Verbs of absence and "presence"'''
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| {{Grule|That which is absent, "present": ''agentive case'', that which is absent of something: ''ming tsam''}}<br>
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| {{Gvsample|ལུང་པ་ཆུས་སྟོང་པ།|land water empty|The land is empty of water.|སྟོངས་པ།|སྟོང་པ།|སྟོང་པ།| |empty|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| ===Verbs which change their meaning with different syntaxes===
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| * {{gtib|ཆོག་པ་}} either "allowed, permitted" or "to be sufficient"
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| See: [["verbs of evaluation / assertion II"]], ''la don'', [["3.1 Note on classifications for 1.10 verbs with la don"]], [["verbs 'expressing an evaluative status'"]].
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|
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| When meaning "allowed, permitted" {{gtib|ཆོག་}} comes right after the verb it makes the statement about.
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| {{Gsample|བསམ་འཆར་བཤད་ཆོག|opinion express allowed|allowed to express [ones] opinion}}<br>
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| When meaning "to be sufficient" then it's patient, it comes after that what is "sufficient" (marked by the agentive particle).
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| {{Gsample|ཇི་སྐད་བཤད་པ་ཁོ་ན་ཉམས་སུ་བླངས་པས་ཆོག་སྟེ།|how explained only practiced sufficient|to have practiced only as it has been explained is sufficient}}
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| ==Classification of verbs according to their grammar==
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| ===Transitive verbs===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#c8e0e8; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="3" border="0px"
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| |width="25%"|'''Agent''': ''agentive''
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| |width="25%"|'''patient''': ''ming tsam / la don''
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| |width="25%"|'''recipient''': ''la don''
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| |width="25%"|'''qualifier''': ''la don''
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| |-
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| |''subject''
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| |''object''
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| |''indirect object''
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| |''qualifier''
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| |}
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| ===="Simple" transitive verbs====
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#c8e0e8; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="3" border="0px"
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| |+
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| |-
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| |width="25%"|'''Agent''': ''agentive''
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| |width="25%"|'''patient''': ''ming tsam''
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| |width="25%"|
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| |width="25%"|
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| |-
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| |''subject''
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| |''object''
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| |}<br>
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན་པ།|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན།|to teach, show|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|བསད་པ།|གསོད་པ།|གསད་པ།|སོད།|to kill|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|བཏུངས་པ།|འཐུང་བ།|བཏུང་བ།|འཐུངས།|to drink|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|ཁོས་ཇ་འཐུང༌།|he tea drink|He drinks tea.}}
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| ====Ditransitive verbs====
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#c8e0e8; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="3" border="0px"
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| |width="25%"|'''Agent''': ''agentive''
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| |width="25%"|'''patient''': ''ming tsam''
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| |width="25%"|'''recipient''': ''la don''
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| |width="25%"|
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| |-
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| |''subject''
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| |''object''
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| |''indirect object''
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| |}<br>
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|
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| {{gverb|བྱིན་པ།|སྦྱིན་པ།|སྦྱིན་པ།|སྦྱིན།|to give|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|མི་གཞན་ཞིག་གིས་རང་ལ་བདེ་སྐྱིད་ཀྱི་འཚོ་བ་སྦྱིན་མི་ཡོང༌།|person other a self well-being sustenance give not come|We can not be given the sustenance of well-being by another person.}}
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| ====Transitive verbs with la don for the patient—intentional verbs of perception, of benefit or harm, of expressing mental activity, with qualifier of identity, equivalence====
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#c8e0e8; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="3" border="0px"
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| |width="25%"|'''Agent''': ''agentive''
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| |width="25%"|'''patient''': ''la don''
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| |width="25%"|
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| |width="25%"|
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| |-
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| |''subject''
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| |''object''
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| |}<br>
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|
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| See: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs - notes|Verbs—Notes]], particularly: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs - notes#How the categories of 'transitive' and 'intransitive' are used here|How the categories of 'transitive' and 'intransitive' are used here]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs - notes#Conclusion: advantages vs. problems|Conclusion: advantages vs. problems]] and [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs - notes#'verbs and their cases', considerations and conclusion|'verbs and their cases', considerations and conclusion]]
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| =====Intentional verbs of perception=====
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| :'''Note''': Their grammar can be irregular.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|བལྟས་པ།|ལྟ་བ།|བལྟ་བ།|ལྟོས།|to look|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|བསྣམས་པ།|སྣོམ་པ།|བསྣམ་པ།|སྣོམས།|to smell, hold|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|རེག་པ།|རེག་པ།|རེག་པ།|རེག|to touch|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|ཁོས་མོ་ལ་བལྟས།|he she looked|He looked at her.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|ཇ་ཞིམ་པོའི་དྲི་ལ་སྣོམས།|tea fragrant scent smell!|Smell the scent of fragrant / delicious tea!}}<br>
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| In this case, the patient is marked by the ''la don'': {{gtib|དྲི་'''ལ་'''}}.
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|
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| In the next two cases the patient is not marked by the ''la don'' but in ''ming tsam'' and in the second sentence the "nose", the "place of smelling" {{gtib|སྣར་}} is marked by the ''la don''.
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|
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| {{gsample|དྲི་མ་སྣོམ།|scent smell|to smell the scent}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|སྤོས་ཀྱི་དྲི་ཞིམ་སྣར་བསྣམས།|fragrance scent nice nose smelled|[He] smelled / sniffed the nice scent of the fragrance in his nose.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|ཆགས་སེམས་ཀྱིས་བུད་མེད་ཀྱི་ཤ་རྗེན་པ་ལ་རེག|attachment mind women flesh naked touch|to touch a naked women with desire}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|ལག་པས་རེག་ནས་འཇམ་རྩུབ་ཚོར།|hand touched soft rough felt|The hand touched and the texture (soft-rough) was felt.}}<br>
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|
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| In these sentences that which is touching is marked by the ''agentive particle'': {{gtib|ལག་པ'''ས་'''}}.
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|
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| In the next sentences that which is touching is not marked by the ''agentive particle'', {{gtib|ཤིང་གི་ཡལ་ག་}} and {{gtib|རྐང་པ་}} are both in ''ming tsam''. The patient / place of touching is marked by the ''la don'' as seen before in chapter [["changes in grammar between voluntary and involuntary usage of the same verb"]].
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|
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| {{gsample|ཤིང་གི་ཡལ་ག་མགོ་བོར་རེག|tree branch head touched|The tree branch touched the head.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|རྐང་པ་སར་མ་རེག|feet ground not touched|The feet did not touch the ground.}}
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| =====Verbs of benefit / harm=====
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|
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| {{grule|'''Agent''' (subject), doing the harm or benefit: ''agentive case'', '''patient''' (object) - the harmed or benefited: ''la don'' {{gtib|ལ་}}}}<br>
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|གནོད་པ།|གནོད་པ།|གནོད་པ།| |to harm, damage|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|བཀག་པ།|འགོག་པ།|དགག་པ།|ཁོག|to stop, refute|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|ཕན་པ།|ཕན་པ།|ཕན་པ།| |to benefit|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}}
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| |}
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| :'''Note''': for {{gtib|ཕན་པ}}, to benefit, a ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ verb with ''transitive'' grammar, see above: [[transitive verbs (ཐ་དད་པ་) and ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ classified verbs with transitive grammar", "some 'passive / fruitional' verbs]].
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|
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| {{gsample|ནད་ཀྱིས་ལུས་ལ་གནོད།|illness body to harm|The illness harmed the body.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|གྲུབ་མཐའ་ལ་བཀག|tenet refuted|The philosophical tenet was refuted.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|སྨན་གྱིས་ནད་ལ་ཕན།|medicine illness to benefit|The medicine helps against the illness.
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| The medicine helped [to treat] the illness.}}
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|
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|
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| =====Verbs expressing mental activity=====
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|
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| Verbs expressing mental activity like {{gtib|[[སེམས་པ་]]}} "to think" and {{gtib|[[སྒོམ་པ་]]}} "to meditate, to cultivate" can have their patient (object) market with the ''la don'' {{gtib|ལ་}}. If the patient (object) again is a whole clause then the ''la dons'' {{gtib|སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་}} are used. See: [[Tibetan Grammar - 'la don' particles#Patient (object) of a transitive verb|''La don'': Patient (object) of a transitive verb expressing mental activity]].
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|
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|བསམས་པ།|སེམས་པ།|བསམ་པ།|སོམས།|to think|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|དཔྱད་པ།|དཔྱོད་པ།|དཔྱད་པ།|དཔྱོད།|to analyse|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|གསུམ་པ་རྙེད་དཀའི་དཔེ་ལ་བསམ་པ་ནི་|third find difficult example contemplate|the third: to contemplate about the example of the difficulty to find [a precious human birth]}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|རྒྱུ་ལ་དཔྱོད་པ་|cause examine|to examine the cause}}
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|
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| =====Verbs with qualifier of identity / equivalence=====
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| When transitive verbs come with a qualifier of identity, the patient (object) is often marked with the ''la don'' {{gtib|ལ་}} and the qualifier is marked with the ''la dons'' {{gtib|སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་}}.
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|
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| {{gverb|བཟུང་བ།|འཛིན་པ།|གཟུང་བ།|ཟུང་།|to apprehend;...|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ}}<br>་
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|
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| {{gsample|ཁྱིམ་ལ་དུར་ཙམ་དུ་[[འཛིན་|འཛིན]]།|household grave only apprehend|to apprehend a household only as a grave}}<br>
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|
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| For some more transitive verbs "with ''la don''" see below: [[#Verbs with multiple meanings occurring with different syntax|Verbs with multiple meanings occurring with different syntax]].
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|
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| ====Intransitive verbs with transitive grammar—verbs expressing "to make effort, to engage"====
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| {{grule|What the effort is towards: ''la don''}}
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|
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|འབད་པ།|འབད་པ།|འབད་པ།|འབོད།|to strive|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|འགྲུས་པ།|འགྲུས་པ།|འགྲུས་པ།|འགྲུས།|to persevere|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|བརྩལ་བ།|རྩོལ་བ།|བརྩལ་བ།|རྩོལ།|to endeavour|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
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|
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| One note at the beginning: It is easy, "what the effort is towards: ''la don''", that's it. The following short discussion about the categorization will hardly ever (which means 'never') be of concern when reading Tibetan.
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| :Verbs like "to strive" are intransitive verbs in English with a qualifier stating what one is striving for, and S.V. Beyer places {{gtib|རྩོལ་}} and {{gtib|བརྩོན་}} with intransitive verbs.<ref>'''S.V. Beyer:''' ''The Classical Tibetan Language'', p. 341</ref> In ''A Tibetan Verb Lexicon'' {{gtib|འབད་}}<ref>'''Paul G. Hackett:''' ''A Tibetan Verb Lexicon'', p.131, འབད་ "verb class VI" / "Agentive-Objective Verb".</ref> and {{gtib|རྩོལ་}}<ref>'''Paul G. Hackett:''' ''A Tibetan Verb Lexicon'', p.147, རྩོལ་ as "verb class V" / "Agentive-Nominative Verb" with a noun example (རྩོལ་བ་ "exertion")</ref> are classified as transitive. The example given is {{gtib|སྙིང་ནས་གྲོལ་བ་དོན་དུ་གཉེར་བའི་གང་ཟག་གིས། བདག་མེད་པའི་ལྟ་བ་རྣམ་པར་དག་པ་ཁོང་དུ་ཆུད་པའི་ཐབས་ལ་འབད་དགོས།}} "Persons who from the depths of their hearts seek liberation must work at the means of understanding the correct view of selflessness." As it is rather difficult to find a sufficient number of examples with a stated agent (subject) (in a reasonable time frame) that example has to do for now.
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| :Considering these verbs as transitive would come with the problem that it would make "what the effort is towards" the patient, while it is merely a qualifier.
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| :If it can be demonstrated that verbs like {{gtib|རྩོལ་བ་}} frequently have their subject marked with the agentive case, which is quite possible due to the existence of an agent, and at the same time do not fall into the categories of verbs of motion and living, then what we are left with is an intransitive verb where the agent substitutes the patient (or the patient is marked by the agentive case). Please see: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs - notes#Classification as patient, subject-object, valency: advantages and problems|Notes: Classification as patient, subject-object, valency: advantages and problems"]] for an attempt on this phenomena.
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| :But as stated above "what the effort is towards: la don". That will do the job.
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| {{gsample|སློབ་སྦྱོང་ལ་འབོད་ཅིག|study make effort <small>'''imperative particle'''</small>|Make effort in your studies!}}<br>
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| {{gsample|སྒོ་གསུམ་གྱིས་བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སྤྱོད་པ་ལ་འགྲུས་པར་མཛད།|door three bodhisattva conduct persevere to make|(One) will persevere in the bodhisattva conduct through body, speech and mind.}}<br>
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| :'''Note:''' {{gtib|བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སྤྱོད་པ་}} is short for {{gtib|བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའི་སྤྱོད་པ་}}
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| {{gsample|ལས་དོན་ལ་རྩོལ་བ།|undertaking to endeavor|to endeavor in the undertaking}}<br>
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| {{gsample|བྱེད་སྟངས་ནོར་ན་ལས་ལ་བརྩལ་ཀྱང་མི་འགྲུབ།|doing way of mistaken if work effort even not accomplished|If the way of doing is mistaken, then even though making effort in the work, it will not be accomplished.}}
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| ===Linking verb, གཏན་འཁེལ་བའི་ཚིག་ "word of certainty"===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#c8e0e8; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="3" border="0px"
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| |width="25%"|'''Patient''': ''ming tsam''
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| |width="25%"|'''qualifier''': ''ming tsam''
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| |width="50%"|'''strict''' ''patient''—''qualifier'' word order.
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| |-
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| |''subject''
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| |''complement''
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| |}<br>
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| :'''Note:''' The '''patient''' of a static verb is often called ''theme''; its '''qualifier''' is called ''complement''.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="5" border="0px"
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| |{{gtib|ཡིན་པ་}}
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| |{{gtib|མ་ཡིན་པ་}}={{gtib|མིན་པ་}}
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| |{{gtib|ལགས་}}
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| |-
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| |is / are
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| |is not
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| |is / are
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| |}<br>
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| {{gsample|བུམ་པ་འདི་དམར་པོ་ཡིན།|vase this red is|This vase is red.}}<br>
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| {{gsample|དམར་པོ་ནི་ཁ་དོག་ཡིན།|red colour is|Red is [a] colour.}}<br>
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| {{gsample|རྒྱུ་ནི་བདེ་གཤེགས་སྙིང་པོ་ཡིན། རྐྱེན་ནི་དགེ་བའི་བཤེས་གཉེན་ཡིན།|cause bliss gone essence is condition virtuous friend is|The cause is the sugathagarbha, the condition is the virtuous friend.}}<br>
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| {{gsample|དགྲ་བོ་དེ་ཉིད་བཟོད་པ་དེ་ཡི་རྒྱུ་ཡིན་ན།|enemy that "very" patience that cause is if|If that enemy is the cause of that very patience...}}<br>
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| ===Intransitive verbs—verbs of possession, existence, living, motion, dependence, emotion, attitude, necessity===
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| :'''Note:''' Some of the following verbs are not classified as 'verbs' in Tibetan.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#c8e0e8; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="3" border="0px"
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| |width="25%"|'''Patient''': ''ming tsam''
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| |width="25%"|'''qualifier''': ''la don''
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| |-
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| |''subject''
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| |''qualifier''
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| |}<br>
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|
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| The ''qualifier of space and time'' are not actual particularities of "verbs of existence, living, motion" but part of the ''la don'': [[Tibetan Grammar - 'la don' particles#Location in space|Location in space]], [[Tibetan Grammar - 'la don' particles#Location in time|Location in time"]], and originative case [["1.4.2. beginning of a confined sequence or extent of space, time and enumerations"]] and occur with other verbs as well.
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|
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| ====Verbs of possession I====
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| {{grule|'''Patient'''—what is owned: ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier'''—possessor: ''la don''}}<br>
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|
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| * {{gtib|ཡོད་པ་}}, to have; {{gtib|མེད་པ་}}, not to have. '''Note:''' The negation of {{gtib|ཡོད་པ་}} is always {{gtib|མེད་པ་}} and never {{gtib|མ་ཡོད་པ་}}.<br>
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|མངའ་བ།|མངའ་བ།|མངའ་བ།| |to possess|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|བདག་པ།|བདག་པ།|བདག་པ།| |to be controlled|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
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| {{gsample|བདག་ལ་གཡག་ཡོད།|I bos grunniens have|I have yaks.}}<br>
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| {{gsample|སྐུ་ལ་བསྙུང་གཞི་མི་མངའ།|body illness snot have|not ill}}<br>
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| {{gsample|རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཀྱི་བདག་དབང་མི་དམངས་ལ་བདག་པ།|country control people belong|The power of the country belongs to (is hold by) the people.}}
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| ====Verbs of existence====
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| {{grule|'''Patient:''' ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—place of existence: ''la don''}}
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|
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| * {{gtib|ཡོད་པ་}}, to exist; {{gtib|མེད་པ་}}, not to exist. '''Note:''' The negation of {{gtib|ཡོད་པ་}} is always {{gtib|མེད་པ་}} and never {{gtib|མ་ཡོད་པ་}}.
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| * {{gtib|གདའ་}}, to exist, to be there; {{gtib|མཆིས་པ་}}, to exist.<br>
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|
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| {{gverb|གྲུབ་པ།|འགྲུབ་པ།|འགྲུབ་པ།| |to exist|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}<br>
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| {{gsample|བོད་ལ་གཡག་ཡོད།|Tibet bos grunniens exist|There are yaks in Tibet.}}<br>
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| {{gsample|མོ་གཤམ་གྱི་བུ་མེད།|barren women son not exist|The barren women’s son does not exist.}}<br>
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| {{gsample|བོད་ལ་རིལ་མ་ཡོད།|Tibet dung exist|There is dung in Tibet.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|འགག་པ་མེད་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ནི་འདི་ལ་འགག་པ་ཡོད་པ་མ་ཡིན་པའོ།|obstructed not exist called this obstruct exist not is|[This] what is called unobstructed is: [It] is not the existence of [an] obstruction for this.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|རི་བོང་གི་རྭ་ལ་སོགས་པ་མེད་པ་དག་|rabbit horn and so on not exist ''(plural)''|non-existing [things like] rabbit’s horn and so on}}<br>
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| {{gsample|སྣམ་བུ་གྲུབ་ཅིང་ཡོད་པའི་རྐྱེན་རྒྱུ་སྤུན་དག་ཡིན་ནོ།།|woolen cloth came into and exists condition threads ''(plural)'' is|The condition for woolen cloth to have come into existence and to exist are threads.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|བདེན་པར་ཡོད་པ་|truly existent|truly existent}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་པ|naturally / inherently existent|inherently existent}}
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|
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|
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| ====Verbs of living====
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| {{grule|'''Patient:''' ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—qualifier of space and time: ''la don''}}<br>
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|
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|གནས་པ།|གནས་པ།|གནས་པ།| |to abide|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|འདུག་པ།|འདུག་པ།|འདུག་པ།| |to stay|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |-
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| |{{gverb|བསྡད་པ།|སྡོད་པ།|བསྡད་པ།|སྡོད།|to live|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|བཞུགས་པ།|བཞུགས་པ།|བཞུགས་པ།|བཞུགས།|to live ''(hon.)''|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|གནས་ངེས་ཅན་ཞིག་ལ་སྡོད་དགོས།|place certain a stay need|[One] needs to stay at a certain place.}}<br>
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| {{gsample|ཁོ་ཚོ་གདན་ལ་འདུག་སྟེ་གཏམ་ཤོད་པ།|they seat stay talk speak, talk|They talk while sitting on a seat.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|ཁོ་ཡུན་རིང་དུ་གནས་བདེ་བར་དགའ་སྐྱིད་དུ་གནས་སོ། །|he time long place comfort joy happy stay|He happily stayed for a long time at a comfortable place.}}<br>
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| {{gsample|ད་ལྟའི་བར་གནས་པ།|today remain|remaining until today}}
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| ====Verbs of motion====
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| {{grule|'''Patient:''' ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—destination, qualifier of space and time: ''la don''}}
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|
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|ཕྱིན་པ་, སོང་བ།|འགྲོ་བ།|འགྲོ་བ།|སོང།|to go|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|ཞུགས་པ།|འཇུག་པ།|འཇུག་པ།|ཞུགས།|to enter|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|ཁོ་ལྷ་སར་འགྲོ།|he Lhasa go|He goes to Lhasa.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|གྲོངས་ཁྱེར་འདིར་མགྲོན་ཁང་ཞིག་ལ་འགྲོ་དགོས་སོ། །|city this guest house a go need|In this city [you] need to go to a guest house.}}<br>
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| {{gsample|ལམ་དུ་འཇུག་|path enter|setting out on the path, to embark upon the path}}
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|
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|
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| ====Verbs of dependence====
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| {{grule|'''Patient:''' ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—what it is depended upon: ''la don'' {{gtib|ལ་}}}}
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| :'''Note:''' {{gtib|ལ་}} is the most common ''la don''.
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|
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|རྟེན་པ།|རྟེན་པ།|བརྟེན་པ།|རྟེན།|to depend|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|བལྟོས་པ།|ལྟོས་པ།|ལྟོས་པ།| |to be dependent|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
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|
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| * {{gtib|རག་ལས་པ་}}, to rely, depend
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|
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| {{gsample|འབྲས་བུ་རྒྱུ་དང་རྐྱེན་ལ་བརྟེན་ནོ། །|result cause and conditions depend|Results depend on causes and conditions.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|ཡོན་ཏན་ཆེ་ཆུང་སྦྱང་བརྩོན་ལ་རག་ལས་པ།|good quality extent effort depend|The extent of good qualities depends on effort.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|ཕར་ཕྱོགས་ལ་བལྟོས་ནས་ཚུར་ཕྱོགས་གྲུབ།|other side depend this side exists, comes about|Depending on the other side this side came into existence (exists).}}
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|
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| ====Verbs of emotion or attitude====
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| {{Grule|'''Patient:''' ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—that which the attitude is towards: ''la don'' {{gtib|ལ་}}}}
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| :'''Note:''' {{gtib|ལ་}} is the most common ''la don''.
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|
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|སྐྲག་པ།|སྐྲག་པ།|སྐྲག་པ།| |to be afraid|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|སྐྱོ་བ།|སྐྱོ་བ།|སྐྱོ་བ།| |to be sad|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |-
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| |{{gverb|བྱམས་པ།|བྱམས་པ།|བྱམས་པ།| |to love|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|དད་པ།|དད་པ།|དད་པ།| |to have faith|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |-
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| |{{gverb|གུས་པ།|གུས་པ།|གུས་པ།| |to have respect|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|འཇིགས་པ།|འཇིགས་པ།|འཇིགས་པ།| |to fear|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|དཔའ་བོ་ལ་གུས་པ་|hero respect|respect towards the hero}}<br>
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|
| |
| {{gsample|བྱས་ཉེས་བྱུང་བ་ལ་སྐྱོ།|deed wrong occur sad|sad about the occurrence of wrong deeds}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|མདུན་དུ་སྤྱང་ཀིར་སྐྲག་པ་དང༌། རྒྱབ་ཏུ་སྟག་ལ་སྐྲག་པ།|front wolf afraid and behind tiger afraid|In the front afraid of the wolf, in back afraid of the tiger.}}<br>
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|
| |
| {{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་བསྟན་པ་ལ་དད་པ་|Buddha teachings faith|faith in teachings of the Buddha}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ལུག་རྫི་ལུག་ལ་བྱམས།|shepherd sheep kind, loving|The shepherd is loving to the sheep.}}<br>
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|
| |
| {{grule|With verbs expressing "to be afraid" the ''agentive case'' is also used to mark that which one is afraid of.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ཁྱི་རྡོ་དེ་ཉིད་ཀྱིས་འཇིགས།|dog stone that very fear|The dog [just] fears that stone itself.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|སྡུག་བསྔལ་ཆེན་པོས་སྐྲག་པ་དག་གིས་|suffering great fear ''(plural)''|because of being afraid of great suffering...}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ཉོན་མོངས་སྡུག་བསྔལ་དག་གིས་འཇིགས་པ་མེད།|kleshas suffering ''(plural)'' fear not have|not having [any] fear towards kleshas and suffering}}
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|
| |
|
| |
| ====Verbs of necessity====
| |
| * See above [[#Verbs with noticeable grammar|Verbs with noticeable grammar]]—verbs of necessity.
| |
|
| |
| {{grule|'''Patient'''—that what is needed: ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—that which needs: ''la don'' {{gtib|ལ་}}}}
| |
| :'''Note:''' {{gtib|ལ་}} is the most common ''la don''.<br>
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
| |
| |+
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|དགོས་པ།|དགོས་པ།|དགོས་པ།| |to need|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|མཁོ་བ།|མཁོ་བ།|མཁོ་བ།| |to require|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|མྱུ་གུ་ལ་ཆུ་དགོས།|sprouts water need|Sprouts need water.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|དེའང་བོད་སྐད་ལ་མི་མཁོ་བའི་དབྱངས་གསལ་རྣམས་དོར།|in this regard Tibetan language not need vowel consonant ''(plural)'' discarded|Regarding this, the vowels and consonants which were not needed for the Tibetan language were discarded.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| ===Verbs of separation and avoidance===
| |
| {{grule|'''Patient:''' ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier'''—that which is separated from: ''originative'' {{gtib|ལས་}} (most common), or ''originative'' {{gtib|ནས་}}, ''la don'' or ''ming tsam''.}}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ====Verbs of separation====
| |
| {{grule|'''Qualifier'''—that which is separated from: ''originative'' {{gtib|ལས་}}.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
| |
| |+
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|བཀྲོལ་བ།|འགྲོལ་བ།|དགྲོལ་བ།|ཁྲོལ།|to liberate|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|འདས་པ།|འདའ་བ།|འདའ་བ།| |to transcend|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|བསྐྱབས་པ།|སྐྱོབ་པ།|བསྐྱབ་པ།|སྐྱོབས།|to protect|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|ཐར་བ།|ཐར་བ།|ཐར་བ།| |to liberate|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|ལྡོག་པ།|ལྡོག་པ།|ལྡོག་པ།| |to reverse|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|འཁོར་བ་ལས་གྲོལ་བ།|samsara liberated|liberated from samsara}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|དགྲ་ལས་སྐྱོབ་པ་|enemy protect|protected from the enemy}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|བློ་ཡུལ་ལས་འདས་པ།|mind realm pass beyond|gone beyond the realm of mind}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ལམ་ནོར་བ་ལས་ལྡོག་པ།|path mistaken turn away|turn away from the mistaken path}}
| |
|
| |
| ====Verbs of avoidance====
| |
| {{grule|'''Qualifier'''—that which is avoided (irregular): ''originative'', ''la don'' or ''ming tsam''.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
| |
| |+
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|བཟུར་བ།|འཛུར་བ།|གཟུར་བ།|ཟུར།|to avoid|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|བྱོལ་བ།|འབྱོལ་བ།|འབྱོལ་བ།|བྱོལ།|to turn away|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|གཡོལ་བ།|གཡོལ་བ།|གཡོལ་བ།|གཡོལ།|to keep away|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ}}
| |
| |}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|མཚོན་ཆ་ལས་ཟུར་ཅིག|weapon avoid "!"|Avoid the weapon!}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|གཞུང་ལམ་ནས་བཟུར་ཏེ་བྲོས་སོང་།|main road avoided escaped (past auxiliary)|[He] avoided the main road and escaped}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ལམ་བྱོལ་ནས་ཕྱིན་པ།|road turn away went|Turning off the road [he] went.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ཆུ་འོག་བྲག་རྡོ་ལས་གཡོལ་བ།|water under rocks dodge|to avert the under water rocks}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|གཞུང་ལམ་ལ་གཡོལ་ནས་ལམ་ལོག་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།|main road keep away derelict path went|Keeping away from the main road, [he] went along a derelict path.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| ===Verbs of absence and "presence"===
| |
| {{grule|'''Patient:''' ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—that which is absent or "present": ''agentive case''}}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ====Verbs of absence====
| |
| {{grule|'''Patient'''—that which is absent of something: ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—that which is absent: ''agentive case''}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
| |
| |+
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|སྟོངས་པ།|སྟོང་པ།|སྟོང་པ།| |to be empty|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|དབེན་པ།|དབེན་པ།|དབེན་པ།| |to be devoid of|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|དབུལ་བ།|དབུལ་བ།|དབུལ་བ།| |to lack|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|ཕོངས་པ།|ཕོང་བ།|ཕོང་བ།| |to lack|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|མི་ཤུགས་ཀྱིས་མི་ཕོང་བ།|person strength not lack|the person doesn’t lack strength}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|བདག་གིར་ལྟ་བའི་མི་མཐུན་ཕྱོགས་ཀྱིས་སྟོང་པ།|mine view not concordant side empty, free|free from the non-concordant side of the view of "mine"}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ལུང་པ་ཆུས་སྟོང་པ།|land water empty|the land is empty of water}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ནོར་འཁྲུལ་གྱིས་དབེན་པ།|mistake devoid|devoid of mistakes}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|དངོས་པོ་ཐམས་ཅད་ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་ཀྱིས་སྟོང་པའི་ཕྱིར།|things all essential nature empty because|Because all things are empty of an essential nature...}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|མཚན་མའི་དྲི་མས་དབེན་ལ་|characteristic stains devoid|devoid of the stains of characteristics}}
| |
|
| |
| ===Verbs of "presence"===
| |
| :'''Note:''' Here the term "presence" is used as the counter part to "absence" and is not to be taken very literately. (if you know of a better way to name these verbs after their function (with one or two words) please let me know)
| |
|
| |
| {{grule|'''Patient'''—that which is effected by the "presence": ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—that which is "present": ''agentive case''.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
| |
| |+
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|གང་པ།|གང་བ།|གང་བ།| |to be full|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|ཁེངས་པ།|ཁེང་བ།|ཁེང་བ།| |to fill up with|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|བཀང་བ།|འགེངས་པ།|དགང་བ།|ཁོང༌།|to fill|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|གཏམས་པ།|གཏམས་པ།|གཏམས་པ།|གཏོམས།|to fill, to pack with|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|འགྲངས་པ།|འགྲང་བ།|འགྲང་བ།| |to be full|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|བུམ་པ་ཆུས་ཁང༌།|vase water full|The vase is full of water.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ཁང་པའི་ནང་དུ་ཆུས་ཁེངས་སོང༌།|house inside water filled ''(past auxiliary)''|The inside of the house had filled with water.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|བུམ་པ་ཆུས་བཀང༌།|vase water fill|The vase was filled with water.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|བང་མཛོད་ནོར་གྱིས་གཏམས།|store-house riches fill|[They] filled the store room with valuables.}}
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ཟས་ཀྱིས་གྲོད་པ་འགྲངས་དྲགས་ནས་ན་སོང་།|food stomach full 'too' ill became|having 'over-filled' the stomach, [he] became ill}}<br>
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ===Verbs that express connection or disconnection: conjunctive, disjunctive verbs, verbs of agreement, comparison, verbs of possession II===
| |
| {{grule|'''Qualifier'''—that which the connection is with: {{gtib|དང་}}, ''la don'' or ''originative''.}}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ====Conjunctive verbs I—ཐ་མི་དད་པ་====
| |
| {{grule|'''Patient:''' ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—that which the conjunction is with: {{gtib|དང་}}}}
| |
| :'''Note:''' The {{gtib|དང་}} is frequently omitted.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
| |
| |+
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| |-
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| |{{gverb|འབྲེལ་བ།|འབྲེལ་བ།|འབྲེལ་བ།| |to be related, connected|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|ཕྲད་པ།|འཕྲད་པ།|འཕྲད་པ།| |to meet|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|འབྲས་བུ་དང་ནི་འབྲེལ་བའི་རྒྱུ།|result connected cause|the cause which is connected to the result}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|གང་ཚེ་མར་མེ་སྐྱེ་བཞིན་པ། །མུན་པ་དང་ནི་ཕྲད་པ་མེད།|when lamp arise ''(auxiliary)'' darkness meet not exist|When there is the arising of a flame, the meeting with darkness does not exist.}}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ====Conjunctive verbs II—ཐ་དད་པ་====
| |
| {{grule|'''Qualifier—that which the conjunction is with: {{gtib|དང་}} or ''la don''}}
| |
| :'''Note:''' While the verb {{gtib|སྦྱོར་བ་}} (which has a number of meanings) frequently uses the ''la don'', they are very rarely seen with other verbs.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
| |
| |+
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| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|སྦྱར་བ།|སྦྱོར་བ།|སྦྱར་བ།|སྦྱོར།|to connect, join,<br>apply, unite|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|སྦྲེལ་བ།|སྦྲེལ་བ།|སྦྲེལ་བ།|སྦྲེལ།|to connect, attach,<br>link, bind together|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|འཕགས་པའི་བཞེད་པ་དང་སྦྲེལ་བ།|noble wish connect|connected with the noble wish}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|་་་་ཞེས་བྱ་བའི་སྐབས་དེ་དང་སྦྱར་ཏེ།|termed, called time that applied|applied to that time when called...}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ཉེས་ཅན་ཁྲིམས་ལ་སྦྱོར་བ་|wrong doers law connect|criminals are brought to the law}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| '''Without qualifier marked by {{gtib|དང་}}
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|ཐལ་མོ་སྦྱར་ནས་གུས་འདུད་ཞུ།|palm joined respectfully bow request|joining the palms [one] requests respectfully}}
| |
| * the palms are simply joined and not joined with something.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ====Disjunctive verbs====
| |
| {{grule|'''Qualifier'''—that which is "disjointed" from: {{gtib|དང་}} or ''originative'' {{gtib|ལས་}}.}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
| |
| |+
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gverb|བྲལ་བ།|འབྲལ་བ།|འབྲལ་བ།| |to be free from<br>to separate|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |{{gverb|འགལ་བ།|འགལ་བ།|འགལ་བ།| |to contradict<br>to go against|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |}<br>
| |
|
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| {{gsample|ཁྲིམས་དང་འགལ་བ།|law go against|to go against the law}}<br>
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| {{gsample|བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའི་བསླབ་པ་ལས་འགལ་བར་མི་བྱེད།|bodhisattva training contradict not do|not to transgress the Bodhisattva's training}}<br>
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| {{gsample|དེ་ནི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད་སྡུག་བསྔལ་རྒྱུ་དང་བཅས་པ་ལས་བྲལ་བར་འདོད་པའི་གློའོ།|That beings all suffering cause have free wish mind (from གློ་སྙིང་)|That is the mind of wishing that all beings [may be] freed from suffering together with it’s causes.}}<br>
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| {{gsample|དེ་ལྟ་ན་ཡང་ལྟ་བའི་བྱ་བ་དང་བྲལ་བའི་ལྟ་བ་ནི་ལྟ་བ་མ་ཡིན་པར་འགྱུར་རོ།|being that way even look deed separated look look not is ''(future auxiliary)''| Even being that way, the looking which is separated from the act of looking will not be looking (intentional).}}<br>
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| '''Rare with {{gtib|ལ་}}'''
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| {{gsample|ཞེན་པ་ལ་བྲལ་བ་|attachment separated|to be free from attachment}}
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| ====Verbs of "agreement"====
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| {{grule|'''Patient''' (subject): ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—that what is in accord with: {{gtib|དང་}} or ''la don''.}}<br>
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| |{{gverb|མཐུན་པ།|མཐུན་པ།|མཐུན་པ།| |conform to<br>in accordance with<br>to bin in harmony|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|འཚམས་པ།|འཚམ་པ།|འཚམ་པ།| |in accord with, suitable|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |}}<br>
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| {{gsample|སྔ་ཚིག་དང་མཐུན་པ།|former words in accord with|in accordance with the former words}}<br>
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| {{gsample|བློ་དང་འཚམ་པ་|mind in accord with|in accordance with the mind}}<br>
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| {{gsample|འཁོར་ལོ་བར་མཐའ་གཉིས་ཀའི་ངེས་དོན་དང་ཆ་མཐུན་པ་|wheel middle last both definitive meaning part accord|...[it] is in accordance with the definitive meaning of both, the middle and last [turning of] the wheel [of Dharma].}}<br>
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| {{gsample|ཐེག་པ་གཞེན་ལ་མི་འཚམས་པ་|vehicles other not accord|not in accord with other vehicles}}<br>
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| {{gsample|ཁ་གཏིང་གཉིས་མཐུན་|words and thoughts two accord|with words and thoughts in accord (united)}}<br>
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| {{gsample|དེ་དག་ཀུན་ཀྱང་འཁོར་བའི་རྒྱུ་བདག་ཏུ་འཛིན་པ་སྤངས་ནས་ཐར་པ་མྱང་འདས་ཀྱི་གོ་འཕང་བསྒྲུབ་པར་མཐུན་ནོ།།|those all samsara cause self grasp discard liberation nirvana state accomplish accord|All those are in accord with discarding the cause of samsara, the grasping at [a] self and accomplishing the state of liberation, Nirvana.}}
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| :::'''Note:''' {{gtib|མྱང་འདས་}} is short for {{gtib|མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ་}}, Nirvana.<br>
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| {{gsample|གལ་ཏེ་གཅིག་གམ་སྙམ་ན། མ་ཡིན་ཏེ། མཚན་ཉིད་མི་མཐུན་པའི་ཕྱིར་ཏེ།|in case one ? wonder if not is characteristic not in accord because|If [one] wonders:"Are [the self and the skandhas] one?" - [they] are not, because [their] characteristics are not in accordance, ...}}
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| ====Verbs of "comparison"====
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| {{grule|'''Patient'''—that what is compared: ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier'''—what it is compared against: {{gtib|དང་}} or ''la don''}}<br>
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|འགྲན་པ།|འགྲན་པ།|འགྲན་པ།|འགྲན།|to match, to rival<br>to compete with<br>to challenge|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|བསྡུར་བ།|སྡུར་བ།|བསྡུར་བ།|སྡུར།|to compare against<br>to check and verify|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |-
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| |{{gverb|བསྒྲུན་པ།|སྒྲུན་པ།|བསྒྲུན་པ།|སྒྲུན།|to match against<br>to compare to things<br>old for འགྲན་པ་|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
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| {{gsample|རིག་པ་འགྲན་པ་|intelligence match|to match wits}}<br>
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| {{gsample|ཇོ་ནང་ཀུན་སྙིང་གིས་རྒྱ་དཔེ་དང་བསྡུར་ཏེ་|Taranatha Indian book verified|Taranatha verified [the translation] against the Indian [text]}}<br>
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| {{gsample|ཤིང་སྡོང་ལ་ཡར་འཛེག་པའི་ལུས་རྩལ་དེ་སྤྲ་དང་སྤྲེའུ་ལ་འགྲན་ཐུབ།|tree trunk up climb body skill that monkey and monkey rival able|that skill of climbing up trees is able to rival [that of] monkeys}}
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| :::'''Note:''' {{gtib|ལུས་རྩལ་}} normally means "physical exercise", but "physical skill" seems more fitting in this context.<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|སྲིན་བུ་མེ་ཁྱེར་གྱིས་ཉི་མ་ལ་འགྲན།|firefly sun rival|the firefly rivals the sun}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|མི་སྡར་མས་དཔའ་བོ་ལ་བསྒྲུན་ཕོད་དམ་མི་ཕོད།|coward hero match dare not dare|Can a coward dare to match a hero?}}
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|
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|
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| ====Verbs of possession II====
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| {{grule|'''Patient:''' ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier:''' {{gtib|དང་}} or ''la don''}}
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| :'''Note:''' see the chapter on ''la don'': [[Tibetan Grammar - 'la don' particles#la don as substitute for དང་ with verbs using དང་|''La don'' substitute for དང་ with verbs using དང་]]
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|
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| * {{gtib|ལྡན་པ་}}, to have, possess, together with; {{gtib|བཅས་པ་}}, together with, having.<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|ལྷག་མ་དང་བཅས་པ།|remainder have, with|with remainder}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|དོན་དང་ལྡན་པའི་བྱ་བ།|meaning have work, deed|work which has a meaning}}
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| ===Verbs of evaluation, assertion===
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| {{grule|'''Patient''' (subject)—that which is evaluated or asserted: ''ming tsam'', ''la don'', or ''agentive case''.}}<br>
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|
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| The following verbs can be rather flexible in their grammar, having their patient (subject) in ''ming tsam'' or marked by the ''la don'' and others having their patient (subject) in ''ming tsam'' or ''agentive case''. Some of them change their meaning with syntax.
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|
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| See: [["la don / 3.1 Note on classifications for 1.10 verbs with la don / intransitive verbs / 1.1 expressing a 'quality': evaluative"]]
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| ====Verbs of evaluation, assertion I====
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| {{grule|'''Patient:''' ''la don'' or '''Patient:''' ''ming tsam'', '''Qualifier:''' ''la don''}}<br>
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|རུང་བ།|རུང་བ།|རུང་བ།| |suitable, permissible<br>appropriate|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|རིགས་པ།|རིགས་པ།|རིགས་པ།| |be logical tenable,<br>fits, appropriate|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|འཐད་པ།|འཐད་པ།|འཐད་པ།| |be admissible<br>acceptable, valid<br>to follow logically|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|ཐལ་བ།|ཐལ་བ།|ཐལ་བ།| |to follow logically|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
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| {{gsample|ལས་སུ་རུང་བ།|work suitable, permissible|acceptable; proper to do}}<br>
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| {{gsample|དེ་ལྟར་བྱེད་མི་རིགས།|like that do not appropriate, logical|It is not appropriate to do like that.}}<br>
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| {{gsample|ཉམས་ལེན་གཞན་ཅི་ཡང་མེད་ཀྱང་རུང་བ་ཡིན་པ།|practice other whatever not even permissible is|Even [if one] has (/does) not any other practice [then this], it is permissible (/ sufficient).}}<br>
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gsample|གང་ཡང་རུང་བ་|what, which|whatever is appropriate; any given, whichever}}
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| |{{gsample|སུའང་རུང་བ་|who|any appropriate; whomever}}
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| |}<br>
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| {{gsample7l|དེ་ལྟར་སྡུག་བསྔལ་བདག་དང༌། གཞན་དང༌། གཉི་གས་བྱས་པར་སྨྲ་བ་རྣམས་ཀྱི་སྡུག་བསྔལ་དེ་ནི་བདག་དང༌།|like that suffering self, I and others and both made say, state ''(plural)'' suffering that self and|གཞན་དང༌། གཉི་གས་བྱས་པའི་ཕྱིར་བདག་དང་གཞན་དང་གཉི་གའི་བྱ་བ་ཡིན་པར་ཐལ་བར་འགྱུར་ཏེ|others and both made because self and others and both deed is to follow ''(auxiliary)''|དེ་ནི་བྱ་བར་མི་རུང་ངོ། །སྡུག་བསྔལ་དེ་ནི་དེ་དག་གི་བྱ་བ་ཡིན་པར་མི་རིགས་སོ། ། ཅིའི་ཕྱིར་ཞེ་ན།|that deed not appropriate suffering that those deed is not logical "if asked why"|In that way, [in regard to] that suffering which is asserted as being produced by self, other or both, [and then] because it is produced by self, other or both it [would] follow that it is the deed of self, other or both. That [suffering] is not appropriate as a deed. [It is] not logical [that] that suffering is their deed. If asked "Why?"...}}
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| ====Verbs of evaluation, assertion II====
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| {{grule|'''Patient:''' ''agentive case'', or '''Patient:''' ''ming tsam''}}<br>
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|
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| With these verbs occurs the rare case where the patient might need be understood as being in the ''agentive case''. In the example below it is the "drinking of the medicine" that is "sufficient". (This case is quite different from the one of "Verbs expressing 'to make effort, to engage'", in their case it is a volitional action with the one preforming the action in the agentive case and a 'direction' for that action; see above). The best way to view this might be as having a verb complement in the ''agentive case'', substituting the patient. Or in another way, they are monovalent verbs which need to have their complement in the ''agentive case''.<br>
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| {{gsample|སྨན་འདི་བཏུང་བས་འཐུས།|medicine this drink sufficient|To drink this medicine will be sufficient.}}<br>
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|
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| Any ideas, examples, research on origin, interpretation etc. are very welcome.<br>
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |{{gverb|ཆོག་པ།|ཆོག་པ།|ཆོག་པ།| |to be sufficient|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|འཐུས་པ།|འཐུས་པ།|འཐུས་པ།| |to be sufficient<br>this will do instead of<br>it will do|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |{{gverb|འགྲིགས་པ།|འགྲིག་པ།|འགྲིག་པ།| |to be fitting<br>agreeable<br>matching, suitable|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|འགྲོ་འཐུས།|go sufficient|sufficient to go / sufficient [if you] go [instead of...]}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|དེ་རིང་ཞུ་རྒྱུ་དེ་ཙམ་གྱིས་འགྲིག་པ་|today said that just fitting|what was said will do for today}}<br>
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| {{gsample|རྩོད་གླེང་འགྲིགས་ན་བཟང༌།|discussion agreeable good|If the outcome of the discussion is agreeable it is good}}<br>
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| {{gsample|བཤད་པས་འཐུས།|explanation suffice|The explanation will suffice.}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|མི་རྟག་པ་སྒོམ་པ་ཁོ་ནས་མི་ཆོག|impermanence contemplate only not to be enough|To contemplate on impermanence only is not enough.}}<br>
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| :::'''Note:''' {{gtib|ཁོ་ན་}} is "only" and the {{gtib|ས་}}is the agentive case making it into {{gtib|ཁོ་ནས་}} - the {{gtib|ནས་}} is not the originative case.<br>
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|
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|
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| ==Verbs with multiple meanings occurring with different syntax==
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| This is a intended as a short introduction with a few selected examples.
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|
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| ===ཆོག་པ་, to be sufficient or to be allowed===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |1. "to be sufficient, to be acceptable"; {{gtib|ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}: {{gtib|ལོང་བ་དང༌། ལྡང་བ།}}<br>
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| 2. "to be allowed, to be permissible"; {{gtib|ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}: {{gtib|རུང་བ་དང༌། འགྲིག་པ།}}
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| |{{gverb|ཆོག་པ།|ཆོག་པ།|ཆོག་པ།| |1. to be sufficient<br>acceptable<br>2. allowed<br>permissible|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}<br>
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| |}<br>
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|
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| 1. "to be sufficient"; the ''agentive case'' marking the patient, that what is sufficient.
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| :* This is a rare cases where the patient is in the agentive case.
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|
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| :{{gsample|གོང་གསལ་དེ་དག་གིས་ཆོག|above clarified these sufficient|[what] was said above will suffice}}<br>
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|
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| 2. "to be allowed"; patient (another verb) in ''ming tsam''<br>
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| :{{gsample|བསམ་འཆར་བཤད་ཆོག|opinion express allowed|to be allowed to express [one's] opinion}}
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|
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|
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| ===སྤྱོད་པ་: to enter, practice or to experience, enjoy===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |1. "to engage in, to enter, behave, carry out, conduct oneself, practice"; {{gtib|ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}: {{gtib|འཇུག་པའམ་བྱེད་པ།}}<br>
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| 2. "experience, undergo, enjoy, to use"; {{gtib|ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}: {{gtib|ཉམས་སུ་མྱོང་པའམ་བེད་སྤྱོད་པ།}}
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| |{{gverb|སྤྱད་པ།|སྤྱོད་པ།|སྤྱད་པ།|སྤྱོད།|1. to engage in<br>2. to experience|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
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| |}<br>
| |
|
| |
| 1. "to engage"; what one engages in is in ''ming tsam'' or ''la don''<br>
| |
| {{gsample|བྱ་བ་ངན་པ་དོར་ནས་བཟང་པོ་འབའ་ཞིག་སྤྱོད་པ།|deed evil abandoned good only engage|having abandoned evil actions, [he] engaged in only good}}<br>
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|
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| 2. "to experience"; what one experiences is marked by ''la don''<br>
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| {{gsample|སྡུག་བསྔལ་ལ་སྤྱོད་པ།|suffering experience|to experience suffering}}<br>
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| ===ཆགས་པ་: to be attached, or to be situated, or to happen===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px"
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| |+
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| |-
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| |1. "to be attached, to desire, to crave for"; {{gtib|ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}: {{gtib|འདོད་པ་}}<br>
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| 2. "to be situated, to be put /staying in a certain way"; {{gtib|ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}: {{gtib|གནས་པའམ་འཇགས་པ།}}<br>
| |
| 3. "to happen, to occur, to become, to be produced"; {{gtib|ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}: {{gtib|བྱུང་བ་དང། གྲུབ་པ།}}
| |
| |{{gverb|ཆགས་པ།|ཆགས་པ།|ཆགས་པ།| |1. to be attached<br> 2.to be situated<br>3. to happen|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| |}<br>
| |
|
| |
| 1. "to be attached"; with the ''la don'' marking what the attachment is towards<br>
| |
| {{gsample|རི་བོང་ཚང་ལ་ཆགས་པ།|rabbit home attached|The rabbit is attached to [it's] burrow.}}<br>
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|
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| 2. "to be situated"; with ''la don'' as qualifier (adverbial, identity, space, etc.)<br>
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| {{gsample|ས་བཞིན་དུ་ཆགས་པ་དང༌། རྡོ་བཞིན་དུ་གནས་པ།|earth like settled and stone like remain|[a person that is] settled like the earth and unmoving like a stone—(a very reliable and steady person)}}<bt>
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|
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| {{gsample|དགོན་པ་དེ་ཐང་ཆུང་ཆུང་ཞིག་གི་སྟེང་ལ་ཆགས་ས།|monastery that plain small a on situated (together with {{gtib|ས་}} "site, location" in the following bigger context)|that monastery is situated on a small plain, [this] site...}}<br>
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|
| |
| 3. "to occur, to become"; what is occurring etc. is in ''ming tsam''. If the one / thing that became "something" is stated, then both are in ''ming tsam'' and the grammar is like that of a linking verb.<br>
| |
| {{gsample|འབྲས་བུ་ཆགས་པ།|result occurred|the result occurred}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|བཙའ་ཆགས་པ།|rust became|[it] became rusty}}<br>
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|
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| {{gsample|མེ་ཏོག་འདི་ཆེན་པོ་ཆགས།|flower this big became|this flower became big}}<br>
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|
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| ==Notes==
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|
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| ===ཡིན་ with Partially Omitted Complement===
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WORK IN PROGRESS (by Stefan J. Eckel): the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading.
31.Jan.12 The approach to explain Tibetan verbs will be changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent"
[...]
Verbs བྱ་ཚིག་
Note: བྱ་ཚིག་ "action word" is translated as "verb". Even though in English a verb is a word that describes an action or state of being Tibetan grammarians do not classify words describing a mere state of being or existence as བྱ་ཚིག་.
Intransitive and Transitive Verbs
| All important example sentences are taken from either བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་, བུདྡྷ་པཱ་ལི་ཏ་མཱུ་ལ་མ་དྷྱ་མ་ཀ་བྲྀཏྟི་, མཁན་པོ་གཞན་དགའི་སྤྱོད་འཇུག་གི་མཆད་འགྲེལ་, དྭགས་པོའི་ཐར་རྒྱན་, འཇམ་མགོན་ཀོང་སྤྲུལ་གྱི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཀུན་ཁྱབ་མཛོད་, མཁན་པོ་ཀུན་དཔལ་གྱི་སྤྱོད་འཇུག་གི་ཚིག་འགྲེལ་, or འཇམ་མགོན་མི་ཕམ་རྒྱ་མཚོའི་མཁས་འཇུག་.
|
Introduction to Intransitive and Transitive Verbs
English Language
- Intransitive: Not passing over to an object; expressing an action or state that is limited to the agent or subject.
- Transitive: Passing over to an object; expressing an action which is not limited to the agent or subject.
| English
|
| Intransitive verbs:
|
No direct object, might have qualifier, no passive voice: e.g. I go.; I go to the market.; The bird died.
|
| Transitive verbs:
|
Can have a direct object, can form passive voice: e.g. I buy bread.; The bird was killed by the cat.
|
There are verbs that can have two objects. These are called ditransitive verbs. In "Douglas gave a vase to him." "vase" is the direct object and "him" is the indirect object.
In English there are verbs that can function as both transitive and intransitive verbs, e.g. "I broke the vase." and "The vase broke." In the second example "broke" can not have an object.
Note: With the help of a prepositional phrase, intransitive verbs can also be used in the passive voice, e.g. "The houses were lived in by hundreds of people."
Tibetan Language
In Tibetan the grammar for intransitive and transitive verbs is generally as follows:
| Tibetan
|
| Intransitive verbs:
|
theme / subject: ming tsam (no particle)
|
qualifier: la don
|
| Transitive verbs:
|
agent / subject: agentive particle
|
theme / object: ming tsam
|
Theme is used here as a convenient term for both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb - both are in ming tsam. The term will be stretched (beyonds its definition from thematic relations) as far as necessary; (e.g. it will also include patient - undergoes the action and changes its state ).[1] See: Note
Intransitive Verbs
| བྱིའུ་ཤི།
|
| small bird died
|
The small bird died.
|
|
| to die
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| ཤི་བ།
|
འཆི་བ།
|
འཆི་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
Transitive Verbs
| སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན།
|
| Buddha Dharma taught
|
The Buddha taught the Dharma.
|
|
| to teach
|
v.t.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| བསྟན་པ།
|
སྟོན་པ།
|
བསྟན་པ།
|
སྟོན།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
Verbs with Related Intransitive and Transitive Form
| འཁོར་ལོ་འཁོར།
|
| wheel turn/spin
|
The wheel turns.
|
|
| to turn
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| འཁོར་བ།
|
འཁོར་བ།
|
འཁོར་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| བདག་གིས་འཁོར་ལོ་སྐོར།
|
| I wheel turn
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I turn the wheel.
|
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| to turn
|
v.t.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| བསྐོར་བ།
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སྐོར་བ།
|
བསྐོར་བ།
|
སྐོར།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
The Syntactic Verb Categories
Beside being an explanation of syntactic verb categories in Tibetan us such, this section is chiefly aimed to be an background for the syntactic categories referred to in the main section which is "Classification of verbs according to semantic and syntactic groups".
The Three Categories of agentive transitive, agentive directed and ming tsam intransitive
agentive transitive, agentive directed and ming tsam intransitive
The descriptions of verbs types in here will be in sometimes different form the descriptions found in other grammar compilations. The verb types used in here are introduced to mainly deal with three difficulties found with Tibetan verbs:
- There are verbs that have a participant marked with the agentive particle but have no participant in ming tsam.
- There are verbs that are not transitive but have a participant marked with the agentive particle.
- ཐ་དད་པ་ and ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ do not correspond to the devision into transitive and intransitive.
The categories used in here will be referred to as "ming tsam intransitive", "agentive transitive" and "agentive directed".
These categories are so named with respect to the existence of a participant marked with the agentive particle, the presence or absence of a theme in ming tsam and the nature of the verb.
ming tsam intransitive |
no agent |
theme in ming tsam
|
agentive transitive |
agent with the agentive particle |
theme in ming tsam
|
agentive directed |
agent with the agentive particle |
no theme in ming tsam
|
The category that sticks out is that of "agentive directed" verbs. The verbs of the agentive transitive and ming tsam intransitive categories are respectively either transitive or intransitive. They are easily classified by the possibility of a given verb to either take an agent (marked with the agentive particle) together with its theme (in ming tsam) or not. In contrast to that the verbs of the agentive directed category include verbs that are intransitive, transitive and "indirect ditransitive". They have in common that they have two participants, one marked with the agentive particle and one with a la don, but no theme in ming tsam.
The Subcategories of The agentive transitive, agentive directed and ming tsam intransitive Verbs
The categories ming tsam intransitive, agentive transitive and agentive directed can be further divided into:
| syntactic categorie |
syntactic subcategorie |
example
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
stative copula
|
linking verbs: theme in ming tsam, (no agent);
ཡིན་པ་ "to be, are"; (example)
|
stative non-volitional
|
unintentional intransitive verbs that describe a state of being and adjectives: theme in ming tsam, (no agent);
ངལ་བ་ "to be tired", བཟང་ "[to be] good, excellent"; (example)
|
dynamic non-volitional
|
unintentional intransitive describing an action or change: theme in ""ming tsam"", (no agent);
འཆི་བ། "to die"; (example)
|
dynamic directed
|
verbs of motion: theme in ming tsam, qualifier with la don; (no agent);
འགྲོ་བ་ "to go"; (example)
|
stative located
|
verbs of existence, possession; verbs of living; verbs of necessity: theme in ming tsam, qualifier: la don, (no agent);
ཡོད་པ་ "to exist", "to have", དགོས་པ་ "to be needed"; (example)
|
stative affective
|
attitude verbs: theme in ming tsam, qualifier: la don, (no agent);
དགའ་བ་ "to like"; (example)
|
stative directed
|
verbs of dependence: theme in ming tsam, qualifier: la don, (no agent);
རྟེན་པ་ "to rely, depend"; (example)
|
agentive
|
These are the intransitive aspects of the "verbs of absence and presence": theme in ming tsam, qualifier with the agentive particle, (no agent);
སྟོང་པ་ "to be empty"; (example)
|
| <div id="ming tsam intransitive associative"associative[2]
|
intransitive "verbs of interrelation": conjunctive and disjunctive verbs, verbs of agreement, comparison, possession II: theme in ming tsam, qualifier: associative particle དང་, (no agent); (example)
|
originative
|
intransitive verbs of separation; theme in ming tsam, qualifier with the originative particle, (no agent); (example)
|
stative irregular
|
evaluative verbs: theme in ming tsam or with la don or agentive particle;
རུང་བ་ "suitable", འཐུས་པ་ "to be sufficient"; (example)
|
| agentive transitive
|
effective
|
simple transitive verbs where the agent acts upon an theme (object): agent with agentive particle, theme in ming tsam;
འཐུང་བ་ "to drink"; (example)
|
fruitional
|
transitive verbs where the theme (object) is not acted upon and the agent is passive, perceiving or obtaining the theme (object); these are fruitional and unintentional verbs: agent with agentive particle, theme in ming tsam;
རྙེད་པ་ "to find", མཐོང་བ་ "to see"; (example)
|
ditransitive
|
ditransitive verbs where the action upon the theme (object) by the agent is directed towards a recipient (indirect object); these are verbs expressing any transfer of goods, information or action and verbs expressing to produce something for somebody: agent with agent with agentive particle, theme in ming tsam, recipient with la don;
སྦྱིན་པ་ "to give"; (example)
|
agentive
|
the transitive dynamic verbs of the semantic group of the verbs of presence: agent with agentive particle, theme in ming tsam, qualifier-the material used for the action wtih agentive particle;
འགེངས་པ་ "to fill with"; (example)
|
associative
|
transitive verbs of interrelation - conjunctive or disjunctive verbs, verbs of agreement, comparison: theme in ming tsam, qualifier with associative particle; (example)
Examples with a stated agent are very difficult to find for this type of verb. If there were to be an example with a stated agent then this agent would be marked with the agentive particle.
|
originative
|
transitive verbs of separation; theme in ming tsam, qualifier with originative particle;
Examples with a stated agent are very difficult to find for this type of verb. If there were to be an example with a stated agent then this agent would be marked with the agentive particle.; (example)
|
| agentive directed
|
intransitive dynamic directed
see [ ] for the discussion about these verbs
|
some intentional verbs of perception: perceiver with agentive particle, direction with la don;
ལྟ་བ་ "to look"[3]; (example)
verbs expressing "to make effort, to engage in": the one who makes the effort with agentive particle, that what the effort is towards with la don;
འབད་པ་ "to make effort"; (example)
|
indirect ditransitive /
indirect transitive directed
see [ ] for the discussion about these terms and the verbs
|
verbs of harm and benefit; that what effects the harm with agentive particle, the recipient-the one or that what is harmed-with la don;
གནོས་པ་ "to harm"; (example)
surface contact verbs; (example)
|
<stative directed
|
ཁྱབ་པ་ "to pervade, permeate, be present throughout" (see below)
|
transitive verbs with directed grammar
|
These are:
verbs of mental activity when the "object of interest" is actively engaged in. They then have the theme (or direction, see below) with la don.
དཔྱོད་པ་ "to examine"
verbs with referential la don ལ་: verbs expressing identity and equivalence can have their theme with la don ལ་ and the qualifier with la don སུ་ etc.;
འཛིན་པ་ "to apprehend (something as something)"; (example)
|
Examples for the Categories
This section is an expansion of "1.2.1.2 The subcategories of the agentive transitive, agentive directed and ming tsam intransitive verbs" in order to give example sentences for the different categories. The semantic verb categories that are given as example for each category are not necessarily exhaustive.
(For cross reference between semantic and syntactic categories see the main section "Classification of verbs according to semantic and syntactic groups".)
ming tsam intransitive
stative copula - linking verb
linking verbs; ཡིན་པ་ "to be, are"
| theme (subject): ming tsam, complement[4]: ming tsam, strict "theme - complement" word order
|
| དམར་པོ་ནི་ཁ་དོག་ཡིན།
|
| red colour is
|
Red is [a] colour.
|
stative non-volitional
stative non-volitional intransitive verbs
unintentional intransitive verbs; ངལ་བ་ "to be tired"
| theme (subject): ming tsam
|
| སེམས་ངལ་བ།
|
| mind tired
|
mind is tired
|
|
| to be tired
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| ངལ་བ།
|
ངལ་བ།
|
ངལ་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
stative non-volitional - adjectives
Adjectives can function like stative verbs.; བཟང་ "[to be] good, excellent"
When adjectives are used in this way they lose their second syllable.
E.g.:ངན་པ་ ("bad, inferior") only ངན་ and བཟང་པོ་ ("excellent, good") only བཟང་.
| theme (subject): ming tsam
|
| མི་ང་རང་ངན་ཏེ་བླ་མ་བཟང་།
|
| person myself bad lama good
|
Even though I[' m] bad, [my] Lama [is] good.[5]
|
dynamic non-volitional
unintentional verbs; འཆི་བ་ "to die", འཆར་བ་ "to arise"
| theme (subject): ming tsam, qualifier: direction: la don, origin: originative
|
| ཉི་མ་ཤར།
|
| sun arose
|
The sun arose.
|
|
| to arise
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| ཤར་བ།
|
འཆར་བ།
|
འཆར་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
dynamic directed
verbs of motion; འགྲོ་བ་ "to go", མཆོང་བ་ "to jump"
| theme (subject): ming tsam, qualifier: direction: la don, origin: originative
|
| ཁོ་ལྷ་སར་ཕྱིན།
|
| he Lhasa went
|
He went to Lhasa.
|
|
| to go
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| ཕྱིན་པ་, སོང་བ།
|
འགྲོ་བ།
|
འགྲོ་བ།
|
སོང།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
stative located
stative located verbs of existence, possession and verbs of living
verbs of existence and possession; ཡོད་པ་ "to exist" or "to have"
| theme (subject): ming tsam, qualifier: the place of existence or the one who has something: la don
|
| བོད་ལ་གཡག་ཡོད།
|
| Tibet bos grunniens exist
|
There are yaks in Tibet.
|
stative located verbs of necessity
Verbs of necessity like དགོས་པ་ "to be needed" are closest in grammar to verbs of possession. The need itself is not directed but what is needed is "directed" towards a "location", it is needed at that "location". This is like in the example of the verbs of possession where the person who possess things is the location at which these things exist.
| theme (subject): ming tsam, qualifier, for whom or what it is needed: la don
|
| མྱུ་གུ་ལ་ཆུ་དགོས།
|
| sprouts water need
|
Sprouts need water.
|
|
| to need, to be needed
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| དགོས་པ།
|
དགོས་པ།
|
དགོས་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
stative affective
attitude verbs (verbs of emotion and attitude); དགའ་བ་ "to like"
Note: Some verbs within the "attitude verbs" category which are (more or less) voluntary e.g. like གུས་པ་ "to respect" could be placed with either stative affective or stative directed verbs.
| theme (subject): ming tsam, qualifier - what the attitude is towards: la don
|
| ཞི་བདེར་དགའ་བ།
|
| peace happy like
|
to like peace / wellbeing
|
|
| to like
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| དགའ་བ།
|
དགའ་བ།
|
དགའ་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
stative directed
verbs of dependence; རྟེན་པ་ "to rely, depend"
| theme (subject): ming tsam, qualifier - what it is depended upon: la don
|
| འབྲས་བུ་རྒྱུ་དང་རྐྱེན་ལ་བརྟེན་ནོ། །
|
| result cause and conditions depend
|
Results depend on causes and conditions.
|
|
| to depend (on), to rely (on)
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| བརྟེན་པ།
|
རྟེན་པ།
|
བརྟེན་པ།
|
རྟེན།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
intransitive agentive
intransitive stative agentive
This is the stative (fruitional) aspect of the "verbs of absence and presence". They express a resultant state, e.g.,སྟོང་པ་ "to be empty".
| theme - that which is "missing of something" or "full with something": ming tsam, qualifier - what is "present" or absent, lacking, "that what is empty of": agentive particle
|
| ལུང་པ་ཆུས་སྟོང་པ།
|
| land water empty
|
The land is empty of water.
|
|
| to be empty
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| སྟོངས་པ།
|
སྟོང་པ།
|
སྟོང་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
intransitive dynamic agentive
| theme - that which is "full with something": ming tsam, qualifier - what is "present": agentive particle
|
| ཁང་པའི་ནང་དུ་ཆུས་ཁེངས་སོང་།
|
| house inside water filled (involuntary past tense auxiliary verb)
|
The inside of the house filled up with water.
|
|
| to become full
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| ཁེངས་པ།
|
ཁེང་བ།
|
ཁེང་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
associative
These are the intransitive stative and dynamic verbs of interrelation, the conjunctive / disjunctive verbs, verbs of agreement, comparison, and possession II. Many of these have irregular grammar and can occur with other particles, i.e. la don or originative.
| theme: ming tsam, qualifier: དང་
|
| བློ་དང་འཚམ་པ་
|
| mind in accord with
|
in accordance with the mind
|
originative
These are the intransitive stative and dynamic verbs of separation, and verbs of avoidance.
| theme: ming tsam, qualifier: originative particle
|
| ནད་པ་རྣམས་ཚ་གྲང་སོགས་ཀྱི་ནད་ལས་གྲོལ་བར་ག་ལ་ཡོད་དེ་་་་
|
| sick (plural) hot cold etc. illness free "How can this be?!"
|
How could the ill ever become free of their hot, cold etc. disease (if they do not listen to their skilled doctor).
|
|
| to become free
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| གྲོལ་བ་།
|
གྲོལ་བ་།
|
གྲོལ་བ་།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
stative irregular
evaluative verbs; རུང་བ་ "suitable", འཐུས་པ་ "to be sufficient"
| theme: ming tsam, la don or agentive particle
|
| ལས་སུ་རུང་བ།
|
| work suitable, permissible
|
acceptable; proper to do
|
agentive transitive
effective
transitive verbs where the agent acts upon an a theme (object); འཐུང་བ་ "to drink"
| agent (subject): agentive particle, theme (object): ming tsam
|
| ཆུ་དེ་བཏུངས་ན།
|
| water that drank
|
if [one] drinks that water ...
|
|
| to become free
|
v.t.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| བཏུངས་པ།
|
འཐུང་བ།
|
བཏུང་བ།
|
འཐུངས།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
fruitional
These are fruitional and unintentional verbs. They are transitive verbs where the theme (object) is not acted upon and the agent is passive, perceiving or obtaining the theme (object) like with རྙེད་པ་ "to find", མཐོང་བ་ "to see".
Note: These are classified as ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ in Tibetan grammar. See Grammar Terms
| agent (subject): agentive particle, theme (object): ming tsam
|
| བདུད་རྩི་ལྟ་བུའི་ཆོས་ཤིག་བདག་གིས་རྙེད།
|
| nectar like Dharma a/one I found
|
I have found this nectar like Dharma.
|
|
| to find
|
v.t.(!)
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)
|
| རྙེད་པ།
|
རྙེད་པ།
|
རྙེད་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
- The agent (subject) བདག་ is marked by the agentive particle.
ditransitive
Ditransitive verbs are verbs where the agent's (subject) action upon the theme (object) is directed towards a recipient (indirect object). These verbs express any transfer of goods, information, or action like སྦྱིན་པ་ "to give", or any verb expressing to produce something for somebody.[6]
| Agent (subject): agentive particle, theme (object): ming tsam, recipient (indirect object)[7]: la don.
|
| སྨན་པས་ནད་པ་ལ་སྨན་སྟེར།
|
| doctor the ill medicine give
|
The doctor gives medicine to the ill.
|
|
| to give
|
v.t.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| སྟེར་བ།
|
སྟེར་བ།
|
སྟེར་བ།
|
སྟེར།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
agentive
These are the transitive verbs that belong to of the "verbs of presence" category.; འགེངས་པ་ "to fill"
| agent (subject): agentive particle, theme: ming tsam, qualifier - the material used for the action: agentive particle
|
| གངྒཱའི་བྱེ་མ་གྲངས་སྙེད་ཀྱི། སངས་རྒྱས་ཞིང་རྣམས་མི་གང་གིས། རིན་ཆེན་དག་གིས་ཀུན་བཀང་སྟེ།
|
| Ganga grain number find Buddha field (plural) person who jewel (plural) all filled
|
if a person would completely fill with jewels, Buddhas fields as many as there are grains of sand in the Ganga ...
|
|
| to fill
|
v.t.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| བཀང་བ།
|
འགེངས་པ།
|
དགང་བ།
|
ཁོང།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
associative
These are the transitive verbs of interrelation.; སྦྲེལ་བ་"to connect, attach, link together"
| agent (subject): agentive particle, theme: ming tsam, qualifier - that which the conjunction is with: associative particle དང་
|
| འཕགས་པའི་བཞེད་པ་དང་སྦྲེལ་བ།
|
| noble wish connect
|
connected with the noble wish
|
|
| to connect, attach, link, bind together
|
v.t.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| སྦྲེལ་བ།
|
སྦྲེལ་བ།
|
སྦྲེལ་བ།
|
སྦྲེལ།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
originative
These are the transitive verbs of separation.; སྐྱོབ་པ་ "to protect"
| agent (subject): agentive particle, theme: ming tsam, qualifier: originative particle
|
| དགྲ་ལས་སྐྱོབ་པ་
|
| enemy protect
|
protected from the enemy
|
|
| to protect
|
v.t.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| བསྐྱབས་པ།
|
སྐྱོབ་པ།
|
བསྐྱབ་པ།
|
སྐྱོབས།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
agentive directed
intransitive dynamic directed
intentional verbs of perception
Intentional verbs of perception can have agentive directed grammar. ལྟ་བ་ (to look) is mostly seen with agentive directed grammar. Other intentional verbs of perception e.g.ཉན་པ་ "to listen" can be seen with either agentive transitive or agentive directed grammar.
Note: These are classified as ཐ་དད་པ་ in Tibetan grammar. See Grammar Terms
| agent (subject): agentive particle, qualifier(direction): la don
|
| དཔེ་དེབ་ལ་བལྟ་བ།
|
| book look
|
[one] will look at (/ study) the books
|
|
| to look
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| བལྟས་པ།
|
ལྟ་བ།
|
བལྟ་བ།
|
ལྟོས།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
verbs expressing "to make effort, to engage in"
རྩོལ་བ་ "to endeavor, to exert", འབད་པ་ "to make effort"
Note: These are classified as ཐ་དད་པ་ in Tibetan grammar. See Grammar Terms
| agent (subject): agentive particle, qualifier - what the effort is towards: la don
|
| ལས་དོན་ལ་རྩོལ་བ།
|
| undertaking to endeavor
|
to endeavor in the undertaking
|
|
| to endeavour
|
v.i.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| བརྩལ་བ།
|
རྩོལ་བ།
|
བརྩལ་བ།
|
རྩོལ།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
verbs of "comparison"
Verbs of comparison when expressing "to rival" e.g., འགྲན་པ་ "to rival, to challenge, compete with" have agentive directed grammar.
| agent (subject): agentive particle, qualifier - that what is challenged, competed with: la don
|
| སྲིན་བུ་མེ་ཁྱེར་གྱིས་ཉི་མ་ལ་འགྲན།
|
| firefly sun challenge
|
The firefly challenges the sun.
|
|
| to rival, to compete with
|
v.t.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| འགྲན་པ།
|
འགྲན་པ།
|
འགྲན་པ།
|
འགྲན།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
indirect ditransitive / indirect transitive directed
verbs of benefit and harm
E.g., གནོས་པ་ "to harm", ཕན་པ་ "to benefit"
Verbs of benefit and harm have an agent (subject) with the agentive particle and a recipient (indirect object / qualifier) with a la don. They are here called indirect ditransitive because an action is passing over to a recipient. The recipient is not the theme since he receives the benefit or harm. That which is passed over (the benefit or harm) is not stated as the theme but is inherent within the meaning of the verb.
| agent[8](subject): agentive particle, recipient (indirect object / qualifier): la don
|
| ནད་ཀྱིས་ལུས་ལ་གནོད།
|
| illness body to harm
|
The illness harmed the body.
|
|
| to harm
|
v.t.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| གནོད་པ།
|
གནོད་པ།
|
གནོད་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
surface contact verbs
stative directed
The verb ཁྱབ་པ་ "to pervade" is in Tibetan itself classified as ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ while it is transitive in English.
With the verb ཁྱབ་པ་ "to pervade, permeate, be present throughout" the participant "that pervades" is mostly marked with the agentive particle and the object or space that is pervaded marked with the la don. "That which is pervaded" is considering to be a qualifier in here .
The verb can also occur with "that what pervades" in ming tsam.
| agent (subject): agentive particle, qualifier - that what is pervaded: la don
|
| སེམས་ཉིད་རང་བྱུང་གི་ཡེ་ཤེས་ཀྱིས་འཁོར་འདས་ཀུན་ལ་ཁྱབ་ཀྱང་།
|
| essence of mind self arisen wisdom samsara nirvana all pervade even
|
even though the self arisen wisdom of the essence of mind pervades all of samsara and nirvana ...
|
directed grammar with transitive verbs
Verbs of mental activity
verbs of mental activity like དཔྱོད་པ་ when it means "to examine", སེམས་པ་ when it means "to contemplate"
When an agent (subject) is actively engaging in the "object of interest" verbs of mental activity can have the direction of their investigation marked with the la don instead of having a theme in ming tsam. This difference in grammar comes from the difference between "[just] thinking something" and "[directly] investigating something". This could be interpreted either as a case where the theme is in marked with a la don or as being similar to the grammar of intentional verbs of perception like ལྟ་བ་ "to look".
For a further explanation that looks into how particles are used in regard to semantic categories and the action of verbs (e.g. if is directed or not), see: Verbs and Particles - Notes
| agent (subject): agentive particle, theme or qualifier - direction of attention: la don
|
| རྒྱུ་ལ་དཔྱོད་པ་
|
| cause examine
|
to examine the cause
|
|
| to analyse
|
v.t.
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| དཔྱད་པ།
|
དཔྱོད་པ།
|
དཔྱད་པ།
|
དཔྱོད།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
verbs with referential la don
Some verbs can come with a referential la don ལ་. E.g.,འཛིན་པ་ when it means "to apprehend (something as something)" can have that which a statement is made about marked with (a referential) la don ལ་. and the qualifier of identity and equivalence marked with the la don ཏུ་སུ་ etc.. This could be interpreted either as a case where the theme is in marked with the la don or a case where the grammar is similar to that of intentional verbs of perception like ལྟ་བ་ "to look" which has direction of the attention plus a qualifier.
For a further explanation that looks into how particles are used in regard to semantic categories and the action of verbs (e.g. if is directed or not), see: Verbs and Particles - Notes
| agent (subject): agentive particle, theme / direction - what is apprehended: ལ་ , qualifier of identity: སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་
|
| ཁྱིམ་ལ་དུར་ཙམ་དུ་འཛིན།
|
| household grave only apprehend
|
to apprehend a household only as a grave
|
|
| to apprehend;...
|
v.t.
|
ཐ་དད་པ
|
| བཟུང་བ།
|
འཛིན་པ།
|
གཟུང་བ།
|
ཟུང་།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
agentive transitive and ming tsam intransitive verbs with same type of qualifier
Within the agentive transitive and ming tsam intransitive verbs there are transitive and intransitive verbs that use the same case marking particles with their particular qualifier. These groups often contain semantic pairs of transitive and intransitive counterparts. (See below: "2.4 semantic pairs or groups")
The following groups of transitive and intransitive verbs can be distinguished based on different case marking particles used for their qualifiers:
| la don |
transitive / intransitive - qualifier with the la don particle
|
| agentive |
transitive / intransitive - qualifier with the agentive particle
|
| associative[9] |
transitive / intransitive - qualifier with the associative particle
|
| originative |
transitive / intransitive - qualifier with the originative particle
|
E.g.:
| སྦྲེལ་བ་
|
agentive transitve
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| to connect, attach, link, bind together
|
| སྦྲེལ་བ།
|
སྦྲེལ་བ།
|
སྦྲེལ་བ།
|
སྦྲེལ།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| འབྲེལ་བ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to be related, connected
|
| འབྲེལ་བ།
|
འབྲེལ་བ།
|
འབྲེལ་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
agentive transitive
qualifier with the associative particle དང་
|
ming tsam intransitive
qualifier with the associative particle དང་
|
| སྦྲེལ་བ་ ཐ་དད་པ་
|
འབྲེལ་བ་ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| འཕགས་པའི་བཞེད་པ་དང་སྦྲེལ་བ།
|
འབྲས་བུ་དང་ནི་འབྲེལ་བའི་རྒྱུ།
|
| noble wish connect
|
result connected cause
|
| connected with the noble wish
|
the cause which is connected to the result
|
Semantic Pairs or Groups
In Tibetan there are a number of cases where the general meaning of an action can be found to be expressed by different verbs (of a semantic pair or group) belonging to different syntactic categories, with each expressing a more particular aspect of that general meaning. E.g.:
E.g.:
| འགེངས་པ་
|
agentive transitve
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| to fill, to fill up with
|
| སྦབཀང་བ།
|
འགེངས་པ།
|
དགང་བ།
|
ཁོང༌།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| ཁེང་བ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to fill with, to fill up with
|
| ཁེངས་པ།
|
ཁེང་བ།
|
ཁེང་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| གང་བ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to be full
|
| འགྲངས་པ།
|
འགྲང་བ།
|
འགྲང་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
agentive transitive
qualifier with the agentive particle
|
ming tsam intransitive dynamic non-volitional
qualifier with the agentive particle
|
ming tsam intransitive stative
qualifier with the agentive particle
|
| འགེངས་པ་ ཐ་དད་པ་
|
ཁེང་བ་ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
གང་བ་ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
"to fill up with"
the action of doing so
|
"to fill with"
the process of becoming full
|
"to be full"
the result of the process
|
| བུམ་པ་ཆུས་བཀང་བ།
|
ཁང་པའི་ནང་དུ་ཆུས་ཁེངས་སོང་།
|
བུམ་པ་ཆུས་གང་བ།
|
| vase water filled
|
house inside water filled (past auxiliary)
|
vase water full
|
| The vase was filled with water [by someone].
|
The inside of the house filled up with water.
(an agent can not be stated)
|
The vase is full of water.
|
verb pair examples:
| intransitive |
transitive
|
| སྐྱེ་ |
to be born, to arise |
སྐྱེད |
to give birth to, to produce
|
| འཁུམ་ |
to shrink back, to shrivel |
སྐུམ་ |
to draw back, to contract
|
| འཁོར་ |
to turn, to rotate |
སྐོར་ |
to turn [something], to rotate [something]
|
| འགྱུར་ |
to change, to become, be changed |
སྒྱུར་ |
to change, to transform, to alter, to correct
|
| འགྲུབ་ |
to be accomplished, to be produced |
སྒྲུབ་ |
to accomplish
|
| ཆག་ |
break, to be broken |
གཅོག་ |
to break
|
| འཕེལ་ |
to increase, to improve, to multiply |
སྤེལ་ |
cause to increase, to develop, to propagate
|
| འབྲལ་ |
to be separated, to be parted from |
ཕྲལ་ |
to separate, to part with
|
|
to melt |
བཞུ་ |
to melt
|
Verbs which Change Their Meaning with Different Syntaxes
See: "verbs with multiple meanings occurring with different syntax"
Change of the Meaning with Different Particles
Some verbs change their meaning when a different particle is used for the same participant.
E.g., སེམས་པ་ can mean "to think" when the theme (object) is in ming tsam or "to contemplate" when the theme (or direction see above)[10] is marked with the la don ལ་.
- (Note: If the theme is a whole clause, the la don སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་ are used. See:"la don—Verbal clause as theme")
སེམས་པ་ the theme in ming tsam: "to think"
| དབེན་གནས་ཀྱི་ཡོན་ཏན་བསམས་ནས་
|
| solitary place good qualities thinking
|
thinking of the good qualities of solitary places...
|
སེམས་པ་ the theme marked with the la don: "to contemplate, to think about"
| གསུམ་པ་རྙེད་དཀའི་དཔེ་ལ་བསམ་པ་ནི་
|
| third find difficult example contemplate
|
the third: to contemplate about the example of the difficulty of finding [a precious human birth]
|
Change of the Meaning when Used as an Auxiliary Verb
Verbs often lose their original meaning partially or completely when used as auxiliary verb. (For example there is no "going" going on in "I'm going to remain unmoving.".)
E.g., in Tibetan the verb ཟིན་པ་ means "to be grasped, to be taken hold of, to be captured" and "to learn by heart, to memorize". When uses as auxiliary verb it expresses the completion of an action.
Some verbs also have a different meaning when used as modal auxiliary verb.[11] E.g., ཆོག་པ་ either "allowed, permitted" as a modal auxiliary verb or "to be sufficient" as verb on its own, (see "verbs of evaluation / assertion").
When meaning "allowed, permitted" ཆོག་པ་ comes as a modal auxiliary verb right after the verb.
| བསམ་འཆར་བཤད་ཆོག
|
| opinion express allowed
|
allowed to express [ones] opinion
|
When meaning "to be sufficient" then comes after that which is "sufficient" (marked by the agentive particle).
| ཇི་སྐད་བཤད་པ་ཁོ་ན་ཉམས་སུ་བླངས་པས་ཆོག་སྟེ།
|
| how explained only practiced sufficient
|
to have practiced only as it has been explained is sufficient
|
Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups
Intransitive Verbs Without Qualifier and with la don for Their Qualifier
category: ming tsam intransitive
This section covers those ming tsam intransitive verbs verbs (including the linking verb) that do not have any particular qualifier or have a qualifier that is marked by a la don.
The intransitive verbs without qualifier and with la don for their qualifier are taken together under one heading because for some of those verbs e.g. like the "verbs of living" the qualifier does not constitutes a particular qualifier for the group as such, since most clauses could come a qualifier of space that would be marked by the la don.<rev>Another, almost more important reason is the fact that with one more subheading (due to placing "intransitive verbs" as a higher level heading) the maximum number of subheadings of the wiki would be exceeded.</rev>
Verbs that belong to semantic groups with particular type of qualifiers which are marked with either the agentive particle (གིས་etc.), the originative particles (ལས་, ནས་) , or the associative particle (དང་) and those groups where potentially agentive transitive and ming tsam intransitive verbs come with the same type of qualifier are placed in separate groups (see below).
3.1.1 Linking Verb, གཏན་འཁེལ་བའི་ཚིག་ "word of certainty"
category: ming tsam intransitive - stative copula
| theme (subject): ming tsam, complement[12]: ming tsam, strict "theme - complement" word order
|
| ཡིན་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
| is / are
|
| note: no ཐ་དད་པ་/ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་/ tense
|
|
| ལགས་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
| is /are
|
| note: no ཐ་དད་པ་/ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་/ tense
|
|
| མིན་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
(abbreviation of མ་ཡིན་པ་)
is not / are not
|
| note: no ཐ་དད་པ་/ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་/ tense
|
|
| བུམ་པ་འདི་དམར་པོ་ཡིན།
|
| vase this red is
|
This vase is red.
|
| དམར་པོ་ནི་ཁ་དོག་ཡིན།
|
| red colour is
|
Red is [a] colour.
|
| རྒྱུ་ནི་བདེ་གཤེགས་སྙིང་པོ་ཡིན། རྐྱེན་ནི་དགེ་བའི་བཤེས་གཉེན་ཡིན།
|
| cause bliss gone essence is condition virtuous friend is
|
The cause is the sugathagarbha, the condition is the virtuous friend.
|
| དགྲ་བོ་དེ་ཉིད་བཟོད་པ་དེ་ཡི་རྒྱུ་ཡིན་ན།
|
| enemy that "very" patience that cause is if
|
If that enemy is the cause of that very patience...
|
See also: ཡིན་ with partially omitted complement
Non-Volitional Intransitive Verbs and Adjectives
| theme (subject): ming tsam
|
Stative Non-Volitional Intransitive Verbs
category: ming tsam intransitive - stative non-volitional
These are verbs that express a non-controllable state of being.
| བཀྲེས་པ།
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to be hungry
|
| བཀྲེས་པ།
|
བཀྲེས་པ།
|
བཀྲེས་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| ངལ་བ།
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to be tired
|
| ངལ་བ།
|
ངལ་བ།
|
ངལ་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| ན་བ།
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to be ill, to be in pain
|
| ན་བ།
|
ན་བ།
|
ན་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| སེམས་ངལ་བ།
|
| mind tired
|
mind is tired
|
Adjectives
category: ming tsam intransitive - stative non-volitional
Adjectives can function like stative verbs in the way that they are used like verbs at the end of a clause.
When adjectives are used in this way they lose their second syllable. E.g.:
ངན་ from "ངན་པ་ "bad, inferior" and བཟང་ from བཟང་པོ་ "excellent, good"
| མི་ང་རང་ངན་ཏེ་བླ་མ་བཟང་།
|
| person myself bad lama good
|
Even though I[' m] bad, [my] Lama [is] good.[13]
|
Dynamic Non-Volitional Intransitive Verbs
category: ming tsam intransitive - dynamic non-volitional
| འཆི་བ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to die
|
| ཤི་བ།
|
འཆི་བ།
|
འཆི་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| འཆར་བ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to arise
|
| ཤར་བ།
|
འཆར་བ།
|
འཆར་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| བྱིའུ་ཤི།
|
| small bird died
|
The small bird died.
|
| ཉི་མ་ཤར།
|
| sun arose
|
The sun arose.
|
| མེ་ཏོག་འཆར།
|
| flower blossom (arise)
|
The flower blossoms.
|
Intransitive Verbs: of Motion, Living, Existence, Possession I, Necessity, Attitude, Dependence
| theme (subject): ming tsam, qualifier: la don
|
verbs of motion
category: ming tsam intransitive - dynamic directed
| འགྲོ་བ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to go
|
| ཕྱིན་པ་ / སོང་བ།
|
འགྲོ་བ།
|
འགྲོ་བ།
|
སོང་།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| འཇུག་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to enter, setting out on (a path)
|
| ཞུགས་པ།
|
འཇུག་པ།
|
འཇུག་པ།
|
ཞུགས།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| theme: ming tsam; qualifier-direction, destination: la don; qualifier-origin: originative
|
| ཁོ་ལྷ་སར་འགྲོ།
|
| he Lhasa go
|
He goes to Lhasa.
|
| གྲོངས་ཁྱེར་འདིར་མགྲོན་ཁང་ཞིག་ལ་འགྲོ་དགོས་སོ། །
|
| city this guest house a go need
|
In this city [you] need to go to a guest house.
|
| ལམ་དུ་འཇུག་
|
| path enter
|
setting out on the path, to embark upon the path
|
Verbs of Living
category: ming tsam intransitive - stative located
| གནས་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to abide, stay
|
| གནས་པ།
|
གནས་པ།
|
གནས་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| འདུག་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to stay, be present
|
| འདུག་པ།
|
འདུག་པ།
|
འདུག་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| སྡོད་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to stay, to live, to reside
|
| བསྡད་པ།
|
སྡོད་པ།
|
བསྡད་པ།
|
སྡོད།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| བཞུགས་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to stay, (honorific for སྡོད་པ་)
|
| བཞུགས་པ།
|
བཞུགས་པ།
|
བཞུགས་པ།
|
བཞུགས།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| theme: ming tsam; qualifier-place of abiding: la don
|
| གནས་ངེས་ཅན་ཞིག་ལ་སྡོད་དགོས།
|
| place certain a stay need
|
[One] needs to stay at a certain place.
|
| ཁོ་ཚོ་གདན་ལ་འདུག་སྟེ་གཏམ་ཤོད་པ།
|
| they seat stay talk speak, talk
|
They talk while sitting on a seat.
|
| ཁོ་ཡུན་རིང་དུ་གནས་བདེ་བར་དགའ་སྐྱིད་དུ་གནས་སོ། །
|
| he time long place comfort joy happy stay
|
He happily stayed for a long time at a comfortable place.
|
| ད་ལྟའི་བར་གནས་པ།
|
| today remain
|
remaining until today
|
Verbs of Existence and Possession I
Verbs of Existence
category: ming tsam intransitive - stative located
| ཡོད་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
| to exist
|
| note: no ཐ་དད་པ་/ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་/ tense
|
|
| གདའ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
| to exist, to be there
|
| note: no ཐ་དད་པ་/ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་/ tense
|
|
| མཆིས་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
| to exist
|
| note: no ཐ་དད་པ་/ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་/ tense
|
|
| མེད་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
not to exist
The negation of ཡོད་པ་ is always མེད་པ་ and never *མ་ཡོད་པ་
|
| note: no ཐ་དད་པ་/ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་/ tense
|
|
| འགྲུབ་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
to come into existence, to be existent;
(to be produced; to be accomplished, to be done; to be proven)
|
| གྲུབ་པ།
|
འགྲུབ་པ།
|
འགྲུབ་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| theme: ming tsam; qualifier-place of existence: la don
|
| བོད་ལ་གཡག་ཡོད།
|
| Tibet bos grunniens exist
|
There are yaks in Tibet.
|
| མོ་གཤམ་གྱི་བུ་མེད།
|
| barren women son not exist
|
The barren women’s son does not exist.
|
| བོད་ལ་རིལ་མ་ཡོད།
|
| Tibet dung exist
|
There is dung in Tibet.
|
| འགག་པ་མེད་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ནི་འདི་ལ་འགག་པ་ཡོད་པ་མ་ཡིན་པའོ།
|
| obstructed not exist called this obstruct exist not is
|
[This] what is called unobstructed is: [It] is not the existence of [an] obstruction for this.
|
| རི་བོང་གི་རྭ་ལ་སོགས་པ་མེད་པ་དག་
|
| rabbit horn and so on not exist (plural)'
|
non-existing [things like] rabbit’s horn and so on
|
| སྣམ་བུ་གྲུབ་ཅིང་ཡོད་པའི་རྐྱེན་རྒྱུ་སྤུན་དག་ཡིན་ནོ།།
|
| woolen cloth came into and exists condition threads (plural) is
|
The condition for woolen cloth to have come into existence and to exist are threads.
|
| བདེན་པར་ཡོད་པ་
|
| truly existent
|
truly existent
|
| རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་པ
|
| naturally / inherently existent
|
inherently existent
|
Verbs of Possession I
category: ming tsam intransitive - stative located
Note: The origin of the way possession is expressed comes from "'something' existing at a 'location'" with the location processed as the owner. See Verbs and Particles - Notes
| ཡོད་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
| to have
|
| note: no ཐ་དད་པ་/ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་/ tense
|
|
| མེད་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
| not to exist[14]
|
| note: no ཐ་དད་པ་/ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་/ tense
|
|
| མངའ་བ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| tto have, to possess
|
| མངའ་བ།
|
མངའ་བ།
|
མངའ་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| བདག་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to be owned, belong to, controlled, governed
|
| བདག་པ།
|
བདག་པ།
|
བདག་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| བདོག་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to have; to exist [for something some where]
|
| བདོག་པ།
|
བདོག་པ།
|
བདོག་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| theme-what is owned: ming tsam; qualifier-possessor ("to whom it exist"): la don
|
| བདག་ལ་གཡག་ཡོད།
|
| I bos grunniens have
|
I have yaks.
|
| སྐུ་ལ་བསྙུང་གཞི་མི་མངའ།
|
| body illness snot have
|
not ill
|
| རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཀྱི་བདག་དབང་མི་དམངས་ལ་བདག་པ།
|
| country control people belong
|
The power of the country belongs to (is hold by) the people.
|
Verbs of Necessity
category: ming tsam intransitive - stative located
See:stative located verbs of necessity above
In Tibetan, the theme of the verb དགོས་པ་ "to need" is that what is needed, it "performs" the action "to be needed", (the "water" in the example below). What or whom it is needed for is the qualifier (the "sprouts"). This is different to how it is understood in English. See: Verbs and Particles - Notes on "need" and theme, subject and dative subject.
| དགོས་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| toneed, to be need
|
| དགོས་པ།
|
དགོས་པ།
|
དགོས་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| མཁོ་བ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to need, to require, to be require
|
| མཁོ་བ།
|
མཁོ་བ།
|
མཁོ་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| qualifier-that which needs: la don; theme-that what is needed: ming tsam
|
| མྱུ་གུ་ལ་ཆུ་དགོས།
|
| sprouts water need
|
Sprouts need water.
|
| དེའང་བོད་སྐད་ལ་མི་མཁོ་བའི་དབྱངས་གསལ་རྣམས་དོར།
|
| in this regard Tibetan language not need vowel consonant (plural) discarded
|
Regarding this, the vowels and consonants which were not needed for the Tibetan language were discarded.
|
Attitude Verbs
category: ming tsam intransitive - stative affective
Note: Some verbs which are (more or less) voluntary e.g.like གུས་པ་ "to have respect" could also be considered to be stative directed.
verbs expressing "to be afraid" can also have their qualifier with the agentive particle; see below
| སྐྲག་པ།
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to be afraid
|
| སྐྲག་པ།
|
སྐྲག་པ།
|
སྐྲག་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| སྐྱོ་བ།
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to be sad
|
| སྐྱོ་བ།
|
སྐྱོ་བ།
|
སྐྱོ་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| བྱམས་པ།
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to love
|
| བྱམས་པ།
|
བྱམས་པ།
|
བྱམས་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| དད་པ།
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to have faith
|
| དད་པ།
|
དད་པ།
|
དད་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| གུས་པ།
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to have respect
|
| གུས་པ།
|
གུས་པ།
|
གུས་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| འཇིགས་པ།
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to fear
|
| འཇིགས་པ།
|
འཇིགས་པ།
|
འཇིགས་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| theme: ming tsam; qualifier-that which the attitude is towards: la don ( ལ་ )
|
- Note: ལ་ is the most common la don used.
| དཔའ་བོ་ལ་གུས་པ་
|
| hero respect
|
respect towards the hero
|
| བྱས་ཉེས་བྱུང་བ་ལ་སྐྱོ།
|
| deed wrong occur sad
|
sad about the occurrence of wrong deeds
|
| མདུན་དུ་སྤྱང་ཀིར་སྐྲག་པ་དང༌། རྒྱབ་ཏུ་སྟག་ལ་སྐྲག་པ།
|
| front wolf afraid and behind tiger afraid
|
In the front afraid of the wolf, in back afraid of the tiger.
|
| སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་བསྟན་པ་ལ་དད་པ་
|
| Buddha teachings faith
|
faith in teachings of the Buddha
|
| ལུག་རྫི་ལུག་ལ་བྱམས།
|
| shepherd sheep kind, loving
|
The shepherd is loving to the sheep.
|
With verbs expressing "to be afraid" the agentive particle can mark that which one is afraid of.
| theme: ming tsam; qualifier-that what on is afraid of, the cause, reason to be afraid: agentive particle
|
| ཁྱི་རྡོ་དེ་ཉིད་ཀྱིས་འཇིགས།
|
| dog stone that very fear
|
The dog [just] fears that stone itself.
|
| སྡུག་བསྔལ་ཆེན་པོས་སྐྲག་པ་དག་གིས་
|
| suffering great fear (plural)'
|
because of being afraid of great suffering...
|
| ཉོན་མོངས་སྡུག་བསྔལ་དག་གིས་འཇིགས་པ་མེད།
|
| kleshas suffering (plural) fear not have
|
not having [any] fear towards kleshas and suffering
|
Verbs of Dependence
category: ming tsam intransitive - stative directed
| རྟེན་པ།
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to depend, to rely
|
| རྟེན་པ།
|
རྟེན་པ།
|
བརྟེན་པ།
|
རྟེན།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| ལྟོས་པ།
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to be related, to be dependent
|
| བལྟོས་པ།
|
ལྟོས་པ།
|
ལྟོས་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| རག་ལས་པ་
|
ming tsam intransitive
|
| to rely, to depend
|
| note: no ཐ་དད་པ་/ ཐ་མི་དད་པ་/ tense
|
|
| theme: ming tsam; qualifier-—what it is depended upon: la don ( ལ་ )
|
- Note: ལ་ is the most common la don used.
| འབྲས་བུ་རྒྱུ་དང་རྐྱེན་ལ་བརྟེན་ནོ། །
|
| result cause and conditions depend
|
Results depend on causes and conditions.
|
| ཡོན་ཏན་ཆེ་ཆུང་སྦྱང་བརྩོན་ལ་རག་ལས་པ།
|
| good quality extent effort depend
|
The extent of good qualities depends on effort.
|
| ཕར་ཕྱོགས་ལ་བལྟོས་ནས་ཚུར་ཕྱོགས་གྲུབ།
|
| other side depend this side exists, comes about
|
Depending on the other side this side came into existence (exists).
|
Transitive Verbs
category: agentive transitive
This section covers those agentive transitive verbs that do not belong to a semantic group that uses a particular type of qualifier.
Verbs that belong to semantic groups with particular type of qualifiers which are marked with either the agentive particle (གིས་etc.), the originative particles (ལས་, ནས་) , or the associative particle (དང་) and those groups where potentially agentive transitive and ming tsam intransitive verbs come with the same type of qualifier are placed in separate groups (see below).
"Simple" Transitive Verbs, Unintentional Verbs of Perception, Verbs of Cognition, "Fruitional" Verbs
| agent(subject): agentive particle, theme(object): ming tsam
|
"Simple" Transitive Verbs
category: agentive transitive effective
| སྟོན་པ།
|
agentive transitive
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| to teach, show
|
| བསྟན་པ།
|
སྟོན་པ།
|
བསྟན་པ།
|
སྟོན།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| གསོད་པ།
|
agentive transitive
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| to kill
|
| བསད་པ།
|
གསོད་པ།
|
གསད་པ།
|
སོད།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| འཐུང་བ།
|
agentive transitive
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| to drink
|
| བཏུངས་པ།
|
འཐུང་བ།
|
བཏུང་བ།
|
འཐུངས།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| agent (subject): agentive particle; theme (object): ming tsam
|
| ཁོ་བོས་ཇ་འཐུང་གིན་ཡོད།
|
| myself tea drink (present, continuous tense auxiliary)
|
I'm drinking tea.
|
Unintentional Verbs of Perception
category: agentive transitive fruitional
Note: They are transitive verbs which are ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ classified in Tibetan. See Grammar Terms
| མཐོང་བ་
|
agentive transitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to see
|
| མཐོང་བ།
|
མཐོང་བ།
|
མཐོང་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| ཐོས་པ་
|
agentive transitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to hear
|
| ཐོས་པ།
|
ཐོས་པ།
|
ཐོས་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| agent-perceiver (subject): agentive particle; theme (object): ming tsam
|
| མདུན་ལམ་གསལ་པོར་མཐོང་བ།
|
| front way clearly see
|
to see clearly the way in front
|
- The agent (subject) is omitted, the theme (object) མདུན་ལམ་ is in ming tsam.
Verbs of Cognition
category: agentive transitive fruitional
Note: They are transitive verbs which are ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ classified in Tibetan. See Grammar Terms
| ཧ་གོ་བ་
|
agentive transitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
to understand, to comprehend (derived from གོ་བ་ to understand,
comprehend; to notice; to hear [and comprehend])
|
| གོ་བ།
|
གོ་བ།
|
གོ་བ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| ཤེས་པ་
|
agentive transitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to know, to cognize
|
| ཤེས་པ།
|
ཤེས་པ།
|
ཤེས་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| རྟོགས་པ་
|
agentive transitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to know, to understand
|
| རྟོགས་པ།
|
རྟོགས་པ།
|
རྟོགས་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| agent (subject): agentive particle; theme (object): ming tsam
|
| ཁོས་ཧ་མ་གོ
|
| he not understand
|
He doesn’t understand.
|
- The agent (subject) ཁོ་ is marked by the agentive particle.
"Fruitional" Transitive Verbs
category: agentive transitive fruitional
Note: They are transitive verbs which are ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ classified in Tibetan. See Grammar Terms
| འཐོབ་པ་
|
agentive transitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to attain, to obtain
|
| ཐོབ་པ།
|
འཐོབ་པ།
|
འཐོབ་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| རྙེད་པ་
|
agentive transitive
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to find, get, discover, gain
|
| རྙེད་པ།
|
རྙེད་པ།
|
རྙེད་པ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| agent (subject): agentive particle; theme (object): ming tsam
|
| བདུད་རྩི་ལྟ་བུའི་ཆོས་ཤིག་བདག་གིས་རྙེད།
|
| nectar like Dharma a/one I found
|
I have found this nectar like Dharma.
|
- The agent (subject) བདག་ is marked by the agentive particle.
| ཀུན་དགའ་བོས་དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ་ཉིད་ཐོབ་བོ།།
|
| Ananda arhat attained
|
Ananda attained [the state of an] arhat.
|
Ditransitive Verbs
category: agentive ditransitive
Ditransitive verbs are verbs where the agent's action upon the theme (object) is directed towards a recipient (indirect object). These are verbs expressing any transfer of goods, information or action (like སྦྱིན་པ་ "to give") or any verb expressing to produce something for somebody.
Typical ditransitive verbs are "to give", "to sell", "to bring", "to tell" and generally any verb expressing any transfer of goods, information or action producing something. E.g.: "She gave him ten silver.", "I read the books to him.", "She is baking a cake for him.".
| agent (subject): agentive particle, theme (object): ming tsam, recipient (indirect object)[15]: la don
|
| སྦྱིན་པ་
|
agentive ditransitive
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
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| to give
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| བྱིན་པ།
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སྦྱིན་པ།
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སྦྱིན་པ།
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སྦྱིན།
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| past
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pres.
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fut.
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imp.
|
|
| སྟེར་བ་
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agentive ditransitive
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
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| to give, to bestow, to present
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| སྟེར་བ།
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སྟེར་བ།
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སྟེར་བ།
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སྟེར།
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| past
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pres.
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fut.
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imp.
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| མི་གཞན་ཞིག་གིས་རང་ལ་བདེ་སྐྱིད་ཀྱི་འཚོ་བ་སྦྱིན་མི་ཡོང༌།
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| person other a self well-being sustenance give not come
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We can not be given the sustenance of well-being by another person.
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Agentive Directed Verbs
category: agentive directed
| agent (subject): agentive particle, direction of the action: la don
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Intentional Verbs of Perception
category: agentive directed - intransitive dynamic directed
Some intentional verbs of perception e.g. like ལྟ་བ་ "to look" have or can have agentive directed grammar. They have the direction of their attention marked with a la don. Their grammar can be irregular.
ལྟ་བ་ is mostly seen with agentive directed grammar. Other intentional verbs of perception (e.g.ཉན་པ་ "to listen") can be seen with either agentive transitive or agentive directed grammar. See Verbs and Particles - Notes.
Note: They are ཐ་དད་པ་ classified in Tibetan (but they do not have a theme in ming tsam. See Grammar Terms).
| ལྟ་བ་
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agentive directed
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ཐ་དད་པ་
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| to look
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| བལྟས་པ།
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ལྟ་བ།
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བལྟ་བ།
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ལྟོས།
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| past
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pres.
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fut.
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imp.
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|
| སྣོམ་པ་
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agentive directed
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
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| to smell (actively); (also: to hold, carry)
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| བསྣམས་པ།
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སྣོམ་པ།
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བསྣམ་པ།
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སྣོམས།
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| past
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pres.
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fut.
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imp.
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|
| རེག་པ་
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agentive directed
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
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| to touch
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| རེག་པ།
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རེག་པ།
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རེག་པ།
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རེག
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| past
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pres.
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fut.
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imp.
|
|
| agent (subject): agentive particle; qualifier - direction: la don
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| དཔེ་དེབ་ལ་བལྟ་བ།
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| book look
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[one] will look at (or study) the books
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Examples for irregular grammar.
Three examples of different grammar with སྣོམ་པ་ "to smell".
| ཇ་ཞིམ་པོའི་དྲི་ལ་སྣོམས།
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| tea fragrant scent smell!
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Smell the scent of fragrant / delicious tea!
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In this case "what is smelled / sniffed" is marked by the la don (དྲི་ལ་) making it into a direction (qualifier).
In the next two cases "what is smelled" (the theme) is not marked by a la don but in ming tsam and in the second sentence the "nose", the "place of smelling" is marked by the la don (སྣར་) .
| དྲི་མ་སྣོམ།
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| scent smell
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to smell the scent
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| སྤོས་ཀྱི་དྲི་ཞིམ་སྣར་བསྣམས།
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| fragrance scent nice nose smelled
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[He] smelled / sniffed the nice scent of the fragrance in his nose.
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Four examples of different grammar with for རེག་པ་ "to touch".
In the first two sentences that which is touching is marked by the agentive particle (ལག་པས་).
| ཆགས་སེམས་ཀྱིས་བུད་མེད་ཀྱི་ཤ་རྗེན་པ་ལ་རེག
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| attachment mind women flesh naked touch
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to touch a naked women with desire
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| ལག་པས་རེག་ནས་འཇམ་རྩུབ་ཚོར།
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| hand touched soft rough felt
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The hand touched and the texture (soft-rough) was felt.
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In the next two sentences that which is touching is not marked by the agentive particle (ཤིང་གི་ཡལ་ག་ and རྐང་པ་) but is in ming tsam. The place of touching is marked by the la don as before. (For changes in grammar between voluntary and involuntary usage of the same verb see "Verbs and Particles - Notes".
| ཤིང་གི་ཡལ་ག་མགོ་བོར་རེག
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| tree branch head touched
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The tree branch touched the head.
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| རྐང་པ་སར་མ་རེག
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| feet ground not touched
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The feet did not touch the ground.
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Verbs Expressing "to Make Effort, to Engage In"
category: agentive directed - intransitive dynamic directed
"Verbs expressing 'to make effort, to engage in'" are categorized as ཐ་དད་པ་ while they are not transitive. These verbs have their theme, "the effort" etc. lexicalized in the verb and do not have a theme (object) as a participant [16] (in ming tsam). They do have a direction of the action, "what the effort is toward" marked by la don.[17]
| འབད་པ།
|
agentive directed
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
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| to exert oneself, to strive, make effort
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| འབད་པ།
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འབད་པ།
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འབད་པ།
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འབོད།
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| past
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pres.
|
fut.
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imp.
|
|
| འགྲུས་པ།
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agentive directed
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| to persevere, to be diligence, to be industrious
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| འགྲུས་པ།
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འགྲུས་པ།
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འགྲུས་པ།
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འགྲུས།
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| past
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pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
|
| རྩོལ་བ།
|
agentive directed
|
ཐ་དད་པ་
|
| to endeavour, make effort, exert
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| བརྩལ་བ།
|
རྩོལ་བ།
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བརྩལ་བ།
|
རྩོལ།
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
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imp.
|
|
| agent (subject): agentive particle; qualifier, direction - what the effort is towards: la don
|
| སློབ་སྦྱོང་ལ་འབོད་ཅིག
|
| study make effort imperative particle
|
Make effort in your studies!
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| སྒོ་གསུམ་གྱིས་བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སྤྱོད་པ་ལ་འགྲུས་པར་མཛད།
|
| door three bodhisattva conduct persevere to make
|
(One) will persevere in the bodhisattva conduct through body, speech and mind.
|
- Note: བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སྤྱོད་པ་ is short for བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའི་སྤྱོད་པ་
| ལས་དོན་ལ་རྩོལ་བ།
|
| undertaking to endeavor
|
to endeavor in the undertaking
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| བྱེད་སྟངས་ནོར་ན་ལས་ལ་བརྩལ་ཀྱང་མི་འགྲུབ།
|
| doing way of mistaken if work effort even not accomplished
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If the way of doing is mistaken, then even though making effort in the work, it will not be accomplished.
|
verbs of pervasion
category: agentive directed - stative directed
These verbs are similar the category of the verbs of presence with the exception that the effected participant is not in ming tsam.
The verb ཁྱབ་པ་ means "to pervade, permeate, be present throughout" and "it logically pervades", "it follows" when used in logical arguments and debate. Its grammar is irregular.
| ཁྱབ་པ་
|
agentive directed
|
ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
|
| to pervade, permeate
|
| ཁྱབ།
|
ཁྱབ།
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ཁྱབ།
|
|
| past
|
pres.
|
fut.
|
imp.
|
| agent (subject): agentive particle; qualifier - direction, space: la don
|
| སེམས་ཉིད་རང་བྱུང་གི་ཡེ་ཤེས་ཀྱིས་འཁོར་འདས་ཀུན་ལ་ཁྱབ་ཀྱང་།
|
| mind itself self arisen wisdom samsara nirvana all pervade even
|
even though the self arisen primordial wisdom [of] the essence of mind, pervades all of samsara and nirvana ...
|
| འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི་ཁམས་ཀྱི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད་ལ་དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ཏིལ་འབྲུ་ལ་མར་གྱིས་ཁྱབ་པ་བཞིན་དུ་གནས་སོ།།
|
| world realm sentient being all Tathagata essence sesame seed oil pervade like abide
|
Buddha nature (essence of the Tathagata) abides in all sentient beings of the realms of the world like oil is throughout present within sesame seeds.
|
Example with ming tsam intransitive directed or located grammar
| theme: ming tsam; qualifier: la don
|
| ཉི་མའི་འོད་ཟེར་ཕྱོགས་མཚམས་ཀུན་ཏུ་ཁྱབ་པ།
|
| sun light ray directions[18] all pervade
|
The sun's ray pervade (shone / shine) in all directions (everywhere).
|
Example of the debate style usage
| "that what logical follows" (or is claimed to do so): agentive particle
|
| མི་ཡིན་ན་སེམས་ཅན་ཡིན་པས་ཁྱབ།
|
| human be if sentient being be follows (logically pervades)
|
If [a phenomena] is a human being it follows that [that phenomena] is a sentient being.
|
Endnotes
- ↑ It does not refer to the sentence- or discourse-level category of "topic".
- ↑ This term "associative" is used in reference to Nicolas Tournadre (University of Provence and CNRS, Lacito, The Classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality, From sacred grammar to modern linguistics, Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 9(2): 87-125). It could also be called "comitative case" or "sociative case".
- ↑ ལྟ་བ་ is mostly seen with agentive directed grammar. Other intentional verbs of perception e.g.ཉན་པ་ "to listen" can be seen with either agentive transitive or agentive directed grammar.
- ↑ The qualifier of a linking verb is usually called "complement". This term is also used here to distinguish it from "qualifiers" that are not in ming tsam.
- ↑ མི་ང་རང་ངན་ཏེ་ lit.:... the person [who is me] myself ... .
- ↑ Typical ditransitive verbs are "to give", "to sell", "to bring", "to tell" and generally any verb expressing any transfer of goods, information or action that produces something. E.g.: "She gave him ten silver.", "I read the books to him.", "She is baking a cake for him.".
- ↑ also called "addressee" and "beneficiary"
- ↑ One difficulty with these verbs is finding an example with a stated agent. In most cases there is only an instrument, source or reason given. This instrument which effects the action comes with the agentive particle.
- ↑ This term "associative" is used in reference to Nicolas Tournadre (University of Provence and CNRS, Lacito, The Classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality, From sacred grammar to modern linguistics, Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 9(2): 87-125). It could also be called "comitative case" or "sociative case".
- ↑ See: Verbs and Particles - Notes for the discussion about transitive verbs with agentive directed grammar.
- ↑ This is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality – that is, to give more information about the function of the main verb in regard to likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. English words that are often used to express modality are: may, can, must, ought, will, shall, need, dare, might, could, would, and should.
- ↑ The qualifier of a linking verb is usually called "complement". This term is also used here to distinguish it from "qualifiers" that are not in ming tsam.
- ↑ མི་ང་རང་ངན་ཏེ་ lit.:... the person [who is me] myself is bad ...
- ↑ The negation of ཡོད་པ་ is always མེད་པ་ and never *མ་ཡོད་པ་
- ↑ also called "addressee" and "beneficiary"
- ↑ a constituent of the clause that has a relation with the main verb
- ↑ Verbs like "to strive" are intransitive verbs in English, accompanied by a qualifier stating what one is striving for.
S.V.Beyer designates རྩོལ་ and བརྩོན་ as intransitive verbs (S.V.B., The Classic Tibetan Language p.341) and in "A Tibetan Verb Lexicon" for འབད་"to make effort" (p. 131 འབད་ "verb class VI" / "Agentive-Objective Verb") the example given is སྙིང་ནས་གྲོལ་བ་དོན་དུ་གཉེར་བའི་གང་ཟག་གིས། བདག་མེད་པའི་ལྟ་བ་རྣམ་པར་དག་པ་ཁོང་དུ་ཆུད་པའི་ཐབས་ལ་འབད་དགོས། "Persons who from the depths of their hearts seek liberation must work at the means of understanding the correct view of selflessness."
- ↑ cardinal and intermediate directions