Three natures

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Three natures (wyl. mtshan nyid gsum) - the three categories into which the followers of the Mind Only school divide all phenomena:

  1. Imputed (Skt. Parikalpita; wyl. kun btags)
  2. Dependent (Skt. Paratantra; wyl. gzhan dbang)
  3. Truly Existent (Skt. Pariniṣpanna; wyl. yongs grub)

Alternative Translations

  • Imagined, Other-dependent & consummate (Jay L. Garfield)

Further Reading

  • Jay L. Garfield, 'Vasubandhu's Treatise on the Three Natures' in Empty Words: Buddhist Philosophy and Cross-Cultural Interpretation, Oxford University Press, 2002
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