Three natures
Three natures (Skt. trisvabhāva; Wyl. mtshan nyid gsum or rang bzhin gsum) — the three categories into which the followers of the Mind Only school divide all phenomena:
- Imputed (Skt. Parikalpita; Wyl. kun btags)
- Dependent (Skt. Paratantra; Wyl. gzhan dbang)
- Truly Existent (Skt. Pariniṣpanna; Wyl. yongs grub)
Alternative Translations
- Imagined, Other-dependent & Consummate (Jay L. Garfield)
- Imputation, Dependence & the Absolute (Lama Chökyi Nyima)
Further Reading
- Jay L. Garfield, 'Vasubandhu's Treatise on the Three Natures' in Empty Words: Buddhist Philosophy and Cross-Cultural Interpretation, Oxford University Press, 2002