Suffering

Suffering (Skt. duḥkha; Tib. སྡུག་བསྔལ་, dukngal; Wyl. sdug bsngal) is the first of the four noble truths. It is said to be of three kinds.

Subdivisions

There are three types of suffering:

1. suffering of suffering (Skt. duḥkha duḥkhatā; Tib. སྡུག་བསྔལ་གྱི་སྡུག་བསྔལ་, Wyl. sdug bsngal gyi sdug bsngal)
2. suffering of change (Skt. vipariṇāma duḥkhatā; Tib. གྱུར་བའི་སྡུག་བསྔལ་, Wyl. 'gyur ba'i sdug bsngal)
3. all-pervasive suffering of conditioning (Skt. saṃskāra duḥkhatā; Tib. ཁྱབ་པ་འདུ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་སྡུག་བསྔལ་, Wyl. khyab pa 'du byed kyi sdug bsngal)

Alternative Translations

• frustration
• stress (Jon Kabat-Zin)