Swayambhunath: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 07:23, 13 February 2019

Swayambhunath Stupa (Skt. Svayaṃbhūnāth Stūpa; Eng. The Self-Arisen Stūpa) known as Phakpa Shingkün in Tibetan (Tib.འཕགས་པ་ཤིང་ཀུན་, Phakpa Shingkün; Wyl. 'phags pa shing kun; Eng. Sublime Trees of All Kinds) — one of the most sacred stupas in Nepal, is perched atop Semgu hill on the western outskirts of the Kathmandu valley. The forest covering the hill is filled with families of monkeys, a home which has earned it the nickname, “The Monkey Temple.”

Along with the stupas at Boudhanath and Namo Buddha, Swayambhunath is considered by Buddhists to be among the most important pilgrimage places in the world. It was described by Kathok Situ Chökyi Gyatso (1880~1925) as “a sacred shrine of universal value for the people of the Indian subcontinent, unsurpassable for accumulating merit and good fortune.” Trulshik Rinpoche (1924~2011) said that the Swayambhunath Stupa carries the blessings of thousands of buddhas, and that it will continue to be blessed by all the buddhas of the current aeon. According to the Seventh Dalai Lama, this very stupa is the source of all the happiness in the world. The significance of this has led the Newar Buddhists of the Kathmandu valley to revere the site, while Buddhist practitioners from both India and Tibet have been gathering here for centuries, to pay homage.

The site thus provides an intimate point of connection between the well-being of the buddhadharma throughout South Asia and its flourishing in Tibet as well.

The origin of this stupa is recounted in the Swayambhu Purana,^[1] which details the history and significance of every major Buddhist site within the valley. For Tibetan Buddhists, this text has long been the main source of information on the sacred sites of Nepal.

Swayambhu Purana

The Swayambhu Purana describes how, in pre-historic times, the Kathmandu valley was a big lake^[2] that attracted many great saints and masters. The first buddha of the current aeon, Buddha Vipashyin (Skt. Vipaśyin; Tib. rnam gzigs), was one such pilgrim. The story goes that he cast a seed into the lake, and from it a beautiful lotus grew. In the centre of the lotus flower, there appeared a naturally-arisen stupa (swayambhu), “having the form of light.”

Manjushri, in his mountain abode at Wu Tai Shan in China, was attracted by the light radiating from the stupa, and paid a visit as the vajra-master Manjudeva. Enchanted at the sight, he drained the lake that filled the valley, so that devotees would have free passage and be able to worship at the self-arisen stupa. The place where his sword sliced through the surrounding hills is known as Chobar and can still be visited today.

Many ages later, during the time of Buddha Kashyapa, the Indian king Pracandadeva left his kingdom of Gauda^[3] in the east and traveled to Swayambhunath, where he took ordination under the name Shantashri (Skt. Śāntaśrī; Tib. shi ba dpal). Concerned about the damage that people of this afflicted, degenerate age might inflict upon such a sacred site, Shantashri decided he must protect the stupa. He covered the original with rock, and built another above it, out of bricks.^[4] Thus emerged the stupa as we see it today, cherished by all the masters of our era.

Further History

According to the Pema Kathang, Guru Rinpoche met Shakyadevi^[5] at Swayambhunath and later hid many terma treasures here. This is also the place where Marpa Lotsawa first heard of the name of Naropa and stayed for three years “to get used to the heat”, according to the instruction of his Newar master. It is also said that Thangtong Gyalpo traveled to the stupa in a single instant through his magical power. Five days later a rich person made large offerings to him, which he used to whitewash the stupa.

Pilgrimage Sites

Vajradhatu Mandala

At the head of the stairs is an impressive gilt vajra borne on top of a smooth base of gilt copper, representing the dharmadhatu, in the form of the mandala of Manjushri. It was placed there by the Nepali king Pratapmalla, who was also responsible for the construction of the two shrines and the eastern stairway in the 17th century.

Hariti—the Protectress of Children

Right behind the main stupa, opposite the main stairway, is the temple of Hariti, Protectress of children. The site has inspired many superstitions and features in several legends. According to one account, there was once a time when everything in Nepal was going wrong, and after a while they found that the temple was damaged. But the people couldn't repair it. So they called the then Shamar Rinpoche, who had always a very strong connection with Swayambhu. He demolished the temple, as he was the only one with the power necessary to do so, and rebuilt it.

The 4th Khamtrul Rinpoche, Tenzin Chökyi Nyima wrote about this temple in the 18th century: “I have noticed that Tibetans consider Hariti as of minor importance because she is a yakshini. While they do visit the shrine, they do so only while disparaging her and without presenting her due homage or offerings. This is really a foolish way to act, and is the behaviour of people who have heard only few teachings.” He further explained, “Generally speaking, it is indeed true that she is not an object of refuge equal in importance to the sacred representations of buddhas, bodhisattvas, lamas, yidams and so on. Yet, neither is she in any way similar to the minor spirits, such as the local deities of the region, or of a particular place. Among the powerful gods intent on positive activity after they had come into the presence of the Buddha and seen his face, and who are worthy of homage, some gained major importance, even though in the Dharma scriptures such as Vinaya they are not specifically referred to or associated with technical terms such as “dharmapala” and “guardian deities”; whereas in actual meaning they do function as guardian deities (in these accounts). It is for this reason that the Buddha himself has said, “Those who vow to take me as their teacher should offer a first piece of each meal to the Yakshini Hariti. Hence we should understand the matter as follows. Having met the Buddha face to face, she became a guardian of his teaching and as such became as worthy of homage as the sacred Dharma itself. Thus it is that while recollecting her excellent qualities, with great respect and with a pure mind, we should offer her homage.”

Buddha Statue

Behind the Swayambhunath stupa itself is an image of a standing Shakyamuni Buddha made of black stone. The Fourth Khamtrul Rinpoche, when he came here in the 1700s, said that this was one of the most sacred power places in the Kathmandu valley.

Small Stupas and Images

There are many statues of deities and stupas of mixed Hindu and Buddhist content, of all dimensions. Most of these were sponsored by kings, brahmins, wealthy householders or other devotees from the valley.

Vasubandhu Stupa

The Vasubandhu stupa is located in the saddle between the Swayambhu Hill and the Manjushri Hill, at the western entrance to the complex. The 4th Khamtrul Rinpoche (1730~1780) explained that it marks the site where Vasubandhu passed away, and that his relics were enshrined in this stupa.

Chakrasamvara Mandala

Down on the right from the main stupa is a building which houses—and also quite a lot under ground—a huge three-dimensional mandala of Chakrasamvara. There are five layers, according to the five kayas. Behind the door, there’s a little courtyard where people place offerings and so on. There are murals inside, which are centuries old and have been preserved quite well. Inside there are several doors going down into this huge mandala complex of Chakrasamvara. It is said to be the Chakrasamvara power spot in the Kathmandu valley.

Once there was a king of Nepal who wanted to become the grand Maharaja of all Asia. So he came here to acquire some powers. He went inside, but didn't reappear for a number of days. When he came out he was completely insane. Whenever the inside is opened, the outside door is locked and people would usually rattle around [what?] and be ushered away. Only Newar vajra masters can enter the inner chambers.

Manjushri Hill

To the west lies the hill where Manjushri stayed with his two companions after draining the Kathmandu lake. He took the form of the vajracharya Manjudeva, here, and his disciples later built a stupa in this spot, dedicated to both Manjushri and his consort Saraswati.

External Links

Notes

↑ Puranas (“tales of old”) is a genre of Hindu scripture which constitutes a vast body of literature. Puranas entail historical information blended with legend and myth. The Swayambhu Purana is an exceptional case, being the only Buddhist text that associates itself with the puranas.
↑ This is in accord with geographical findings. When digging deeply into the soil of the valley, mainly for water, one finds a lot of sand residue from the ancient lake. Many fossils have been found in the valley, too.
↑ Both a city and a country, 160 km east of Bhagalpur (24°52′0″N 88°8′0″E). However, the precise location and extend of Gauda remains unknown. For more information, see: Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, History of Ancient Bengal, (Calcutta: Kali Press, 1917), http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/98674.
↑ This summary is mainly based on Von Rospatt, Alexander, “The Sacred Origins of the Svayaṃbhūcaitya and the Nepal Valley: Foreign Speculation and Local Myth,” in Journal of the Nepal Research Centre 13, (Kathmandu: Nepal Research Centre 2009), 58-9.
↑ The French and English translations of the Padma Kathang state that Guru Rinpoche met Shakyadevi in Sankhu. However, the event actually took place in Swayambhunath and not in Sankhu. In the Tibetan version the sacred site is called Shingkün (Tib. shing kun gtsug lag khang la), which is the name Tibetans use to refer to Swayambhunath. See Erberto Lo Bue, “The Role of Newar Scholars in Transmitting the Indian Buddhist Heritage to Tibet,” in Les habitants du toit du monde. Hommage ά Alexander W. Macdonald, (Nanterre: Société d’ ethnologie, 1997), 631, footnote 7. And in Tibetan: o rgyan gling pa, pad+ma bka' thang, (khreng tu'u: si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 1987), 325 & 358. Keith Dowman’s Guide follows the English translation of the Padma Kathang as well, since when he inserts the account of Guru Rinpoche meeting Śākyadevī, he cites the page numbers of the English translation. See also: Keith Dowman, “41. Sankhu Bajra Yogini,” A Buddhist Guide to the Power Places of the Kathmandu Valley, http://keithdowman.net/essays/guide-to-kathmandu-valley.html#SANKHU. And: the explanation by the 4th Khamtrul Rinpoche in A.W. Macdonald and Dvags-po Rin-po-che “A Little Read Guide to the Holy Places of Nepal – Part II” in Essays on the Ethnology of Nepal and South Asia, vol. II, (Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar Publishers, 1987), 106. In order to prevent confusion, please note that the Padma Kathang refers to the Boudhanath Stupa as Swayambhu, “naturally arisen”, stupa.

[ftn2-1] Puranas (“tales of old”) is a genre of Hindu scripture which constitutes a vast body of literature. Puranas entail historical information blended with legend and myth. The Swayambhu Purana is an exceptional case, being the only Buddhist text that associates itself with the puranas.

[2] This is in accord with geographical findings. When digging deeply into the soil of the valley, mainly for water, one finds a lot of sand residue from the ancient lake. Many fossils have been found in the valley, too.

[ftn5-3] Both a city and a country, 160 km east of Bhagalpur (24°52′0″N 88°8′0″E). However, the precise location and extend of Gauda remains unknown. For more information, see: Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, History of Ancient Bengal, (Calcutta: Kali Press, 1917), http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/98674.

[ftn6-4] This summary is mainly based on Von Rospatt, Alexander, “The Sacred Origins of the Svayaṃbhūcaitya and the Nepal Valley: Foreign Speculation and Local Myth,” in Journal of the Nepal Research Centre 13, (Kathmandu: Nepal Research Centre 2009), 58-9.

[5] The French and English translations of the Padma Kathang state that Guru Rinpoche met Shakyadevi in Sankhu. However, the event actually took place in Swayambhunath and not in Sankhu. In the Tibetan version the sacred site is called Shingkün (Tib. shing kun gtsug lag khang la), which is the name Tibetans use to refer to Swayambhunath. See Erberto Lo Bue, “The Role of Newar Scholars in Transmitting the Indian Buddhist Heritage to Tibet,” in Les habitants du toit du monde. Hommage ά Alexander W. Macdonald, (Nanterre: Société d’ ethnologie, 1997), 631, footnote 7. And in Tibetan: o rgyan gling pa, pad+ma bka' thang, (khreng tu'u: si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 1987), 325 & 358. Keith Dowman’s Guide follows the English translation of the Padma Kathang as well, since when he inserts the account of Guru Rinpoche meeting Śākyadevī, he cites the page numbers of the English translation. See also: Keith Dowman, “41. Sankhu Bajra Yogini,” A Buddhist Guide to the Power Places of the Kathmandu Valley, http://keithdowman.net/essays/guide-to-kathmandu-valley.html#SANKHU. And: the explanation by the 4th Khamtrul Rinpoche in A.W. Macdonald and Dvags-po Rin-po-che “A Little Read Guide to the Holy Places of Nepal – Part II” in Essays on the Ethnology of Nepal and South Asia, vol. II, (Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar Publishers, 1987), 106. In order to prevent confusion, please note that the Padma Kathang refers to the Boudhanath Stupa as Swayambhu, “naturally arisen”, stupa.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 '''Swayambhunath Stupa''' (Skt. ''Svayaṃbhūnāth Stūpa''; Eng. ''The Self-Arisen Stūpa'')  known as '''Phakpa Shingkün''' in Tibetan (Tib.འཕགས་པ་ཤིང་ཀུན་,  ''Phakpa Shingkün''; [[Wyl.]] '' 'phags pa shing kun''; Eng. ''Sublime Trees of All Kinds'') — one of the most sacred [[stupa]]s in Nepal, is perched atop Semgu hill on the western outskirts of the Kathmandu valley. The forest covering the hill is filled with families of monkeys, a home which has earned it the nickname, “The Monkey Temple.”
-Along with the stupas at Boudhanath and Namo Buddha, Swayambhunath is considered by Buddhists to be among the most important pilgrimage places in the world. It was described by [[Kathok Situ Chökyi Gyatso]] (1880~1925) as “a sacred shrine of universal value for the people of the Indian subcontinent, unsurpassable for accumulating merit and good fortune.” [[Trulshik Rinpoche]] (1924~2011) said that the Swayambhunath Stupa carries the blessings of thousands of buddhas, and that it will continue to be blessed by all the buddhas of the current aeon. According to the [[Kalzang Gyatso|Seventh Dalai Lama]], this very stupa is the source of all the happiness in the world. The significance of this has led the Newar Buddhists of the Kathmandu valley to revere the site, while Buddhist practitioners from both India and Tibet have been gathering here for centuries, to pay homage.
+Along with the stupas at [[Boudhanath]] and [[Namo Buddha]], Swayambhunath is considered by Buddhists to be among the most important pilgrimage places in the world. It was described by [[Kathok Situ Chökyi Gyatso]] (1880~1925) as “a sacred shrine of universal value for the people of the Indian subcontinent, unsurpassable for accumulating merit and good fortune.” [[Trulshik Rinpoche]] (1924~2011) said that the Swayambhunath Stupa carries the blessings of thousands of buddhas, and that it will continue to be blessed by all the buddhas of the current aeon. According to the [[Kalzang Gyatso|Seventh Dalai Lama]], this very stupa is the source of all the happiness in the world. The significance of this has led the Newar Buddhists of the Kathmandu valley to revere the site, while Buddhist practitioners from both India and Tibet have been gathering here for centuries, to pay homage.
 The site thus provides an intimate point of connection between the well-being of the buddhadharma throughout South Asia and its flourishing in Tibet as well.
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ==Swayambhu Purana==
-The Swayambhu Purana describes how, in pre-historic times, the Kathmandu valley was a big lake<ref>This is in accord with geographical findings. When digging deeply into the soil of the valley, mainly for water, one finds a lot of sand residue from the ancient lake. Many fossils have been found in the valley, too.</ref> that attracted many great saints and masters. The first buddha of the current aeon, Buddha Vipashyin (Skt. ''Vipaśyin''; Tib. ''rnam gzigs''), was one such pilgrim. The story goes that he cast a seed into the lake, and from it a beautiful lotus grew, its roots at Guhyeshwari.<ref>This temple can be seen from the outside, but only Hindus may enter. It is located just northeast of Kathmandu’s Pashupatinath temple complex, on the south side of the Bagmati River (27°42'41.6"N 85°21'12.5”E).</ref> In the centre of the lotus flower, there appeared a naturally-arisen stupa (swayambhu), “having the form of light.”
+The Swayambhu Purana describes how, in pre-historic times, the Kathmandu valley was a big lake<ref>This is in accord with geographical findings. When digging deeply into the soil of the valley, mainly for water, one finds a lot of sand residue from the ancient lake. Many fossils have been found in the valley, too.</ref> that attracted many great saints and masters. The first buddha of the current aeon, Buddha [[Vipashyin]] (Skt. ''Vipaśyin''; Tib. ''rnam gzigs''), was one such pilgrim. The story goes that he cast a seed into the lake, and from it a beautiful lotus grew. In the centre of the lotus flower, there appeared a naturally-arisen stupa (swayambhu), “having the form of light.”
 [[Manjushri]], in his mountain abode at Wu Tai Shan in China, was attracted by the light radiating from the stupa, and paid a visit as the vajra-master Manjudeva. Enchanted at the sight, he drained the lake that filled the valley, so that devotees would have free passage and be able to worship at the self-arisen stupa. The place where his sword sliced through the surrounding hills is known as ''Chobar'' and can still be visited today.
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 ==Further History==
-According to the [[Pema Kathang]], [[Guru Rinpoche]] met [[Shakyadevi]]<ref>The French and English translations of the Padma Kathang state that Guru Rinpoche met Shakyadevi in Sankhu. However, the event actually took place in Swayambhunath and not in Sankhu. In the Tibetan version the sacred site is called Shingkün (Tib. ''shing kun gtsug lag khang la''), which is the name Tibetans use to refer to Swayambhunath. See Erberto Lo Bue, “The Role of Newar Scholars in Transmitting the Indian Buddhist Heritage to Tibet,” in Les habitants du toit du monde. Hommage ά Alexander W. Macdonald, (Nanterre: Société d’ ethnologie, 1997), 631, footnote 7. And in Tibetan: o rgyan gling pa, pad+ma bka' thang, (khreng tu'u: si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 1987), 325 & 358. Keith Dowman’s Guide follows the English translation of the Padma Kathang as well, since when he inserts the account of Guru Rinpoche meeting Śākyadevī, he cites the page numbers of the English translation. See also: Keith Dowman, “41. Sankhu Bajra Yogini,” A Buddhist Guide to the Power Places of the Kathmandu Valley, http://keithdowman.net/essays/guide-to-kathmandu-valley.html#SANKHU. And: the explanation by the 4th Khamtrul Rinpoche in A.W. Macdonald and Dvags-po Rin-po-che “A Little Read Guide to the Holy Places of Nepal – Part II” in Essays on the Ethnology of Nepal and South Asia, vol. II, (Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar Publishers, 1987), 106. In order to prevent confusion, please note that the Padma Kathang refers to the Boudhanath Stupa as Swayambhu, “naturally arisen”, stupa.</ref> at Swayambhunath and later hid many [[terma]] treasures here. This is also the place where [[Marpa|Marpa Lotsawa]] first heard of the name of [[Naropa]] and stayed for three years “to get used to the heat”, according to the instruction of his [[Newari]] master. It is also said that [[Thangtong Gyalpo]] traveled to the stupa in a single instant through his magical power. Five days later a rich person made large offerings to him, which he used to whitewash the stupa.
+According to the [[Pema Kathang]], [[Guru Rinpoche]] met [[Shakyadevi]]<ref>The French and English translations of the Padma Kathang state that Guru Rinpoche met Shakyadevi in Sankhu. However, the event actually took place in Swayambhunath and not in Sankhu. In the Tibetan version the sacred site is called Shingkün (Tib. ''shing kun gtsug lag khang la''), which is the name Tibetans use to refer to Swayambhunath. See Erberto Lo Bue, “The Role of Newar Scholars in Transmitting the Indian Buddhist Heritage to Tibet,” in Les habitants du toit du monde. Hommage ά Alexander W. Macdonald, (Nanterre: Société d’ ethnologie, 1997), 631, footnote 7. And in Tibetan: o rgyan gling pa, pad+ma bka' thang, (khreng tu'u: si khron [[Mirik Petrün Khang|mi rigs dpe skrun khang]], 1987), 325 & 358. Keith Dowman’s Guide follows the English translation of the Padma Kathang as well, since when he inserts the account of Guru Rinpoche meeting Śākyadevī, he cites the page numbers of the English translation. See also: Keith Dowman, “41. Sankhu Bajra Yogini,” A Buddhist Guide to the Power Places of the Kathmandu Valley, http://keithdowman.net/essays/guide-to-kathmandu-valley.html#SANKHU. And: the explanation by the 4th Khamtrul Rinpoche in A.W. Macdonald and Dvags-po Rin-po-che “A Little Read Guide to the Holy Places of Nepal – Part II” in Essays on the Ethnology of Nepal and South Asia, vol. II, (Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar Publishers, 1987), 106. In order to prevent confusion, please note that the Padma Kathang refers to the Boudhanath Stupa as Swayambhu, “naturally arisen”, stupa.</ref> at Swayambhunath and later hid many [[terma]] treasures here. This is also the place where [[Marpa|Marpa Lotsawa]] first heard of the name of [[Naropa]] and stayed for three years “to get used to the heat”, according to the instruction of his [[Newar]] master. It is also said that [[Thangtong Gyalpo]] traveled to the stupa in a single instant through his magical power. Five days later a rich person made large offerings to him, which he used to whitewash the stupa.
 ==Pilgrimage Sites==
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 ===Hariti—the Protectress of Children===
-Right behind the main stupa, opposite the main stairway, is the temple of Hariti, Protectress of children, to which children are often brought, almost as soon as they are born. There are often long queues here, especially early in the morning.
+Right behind the main stupa, opposite the main stairway, is the temple of [[Hariti]], Protectress of children. The site has inspired many superstitions and features in several legends. According to one account, there was once a time when everything in Nepal was going wrong, and after a while they found that the temple was damaged. But the people couldn't repair it. So they called the then [[Shamar Rinpoche]], who had always a very strong connection with Swayambhu. He demolished the temple, as he was the only one with the power necessary to do so, and rebuilt it.
-When the Buddha met Hariti she was eating her children. The Buddha asked her to stop, but she replied, “If I don’t eat my own children, what else am I going to eat?” The Buddha then said that from then on all his followers would leave her the fist portion of their meal.
+The 4th Khamtrul Rinpoche, [[Tenzin Chökyi Nyima]] wrote about this temple in the 18th century: “I have noticed that Tibetans consider Hariti as of minor importance because she is a yakshini. While they do visit the shrine, they do so only while disparaging her and without presenting her due homage or offerings. This is really a foolish way to act, and is the behaviour of people who have heard only few teachings.” He further explained, “Generally speaking, it is indeed true that she is not an [[Refuge#The_Objects_of_Refuge|object of refuge]] equal in importance to the sacred representations of buddhas, bodhisattvas, [[lama]]s, [[yidam]]s and so on. Yet, neither is she in any way similar to the minor spirits, such as the local deities of the region, or of a particular place. Among the powerful gods intent on positive activity after they had come into the presence of the Buddha and seen his face, and who are worthy of homage, some gained major importance, even though in the Dharma scriptures such as [[Vinaya]] they are not specifically referred to or associated with technical terms such as “[[dharmapala]]” and “guardian deities”; whereas in actual meaning they do function as guardian deities (in these accounts). It is for this reason that the Buddha himself has said, “Those who vow to take me as their teacher should offer a first piece of each meal to the Yakshini Hariti. Hence we should understand the matter as follows. Having met the Buddha face to face, she became a guardian of his teaching and as such became as worthy of homage as the sacred Dharma itself. Thus it is that while recollecting her excellent qualities, with great respect and with a pure mind, we should offer her homage.”
-The site has inspired many superstitions and features in several legends. According to one account, there was once a time when everything in Nepal was going wrong, and after a while they found that the temple was damaged. But the people couldn't repair it. So they called the then [[Shamar Rinpoche]], who had always a very strong connection with Swayambhu. He demolished the temple, as he was the only one with the power necessary to do so, and rebuilt it.
-Khamtrul Rinpoche wrote about this temple in the 18th century: “I have noticed that Tibetans consider Hariti as of minor importance because she is a [[yakshi]]. While they do visit the shrine, they do so only while disparaging her and without presenting her due homage or offerings. This is really a foolish way to act, and is the behavior of people who have heard only few teachings.”
-He explains, “Generally speaking, it is indeed true that she is not an [[Refuge#The_Objects_of_Refuge|object of refuge]] equal in importance to the sacred representations of buddhas, bodhisattvas, [[lama]]s, [[yidam]]s and so on. Yet, neither is she in any way similar to the minor spirits, such as the local deities of the region, or of a particular place. Among the powerful gods intent on positive activity after they had come into the presence of the Buddha and seen his face, and who are worthy of homage, some gained major importance, even though in the Dharma scriptures such as [[Vinaya]] they are not specifically referred to or associated with technical terms such as “[[dharmapala]]” and “guardian deities”; whereas in actual meaning they do function as guardian deities (in these accounts). It is for this reason that the Buddha himself has said, “Those who vow to take me as their teacher should offer a first piece of each meal to the Yakshi Hariti.”
-He adds, “Hence we should understand the matter as follows. Having met the Buddha face to face, she became a guardian of his teaching and as such became as worthy of homage as the sacred Dharma itself. Thus it is that while recollecting her excellent qualities, with great respect and with a pure mind, we should offer her homage.”
-So she was given the charge of protecting the Swayambhu stupa, and according to some accounts, when the two fang-like temples were built, the image clearly produced many miraculous interventions to show her displeasure.
 ===Buddha Statue===
@@ Line 43: / Line 33: @@
 ===Small Stupas and Images===
-There are many statues of deities and stupas of mixed Hindu and Buddhist content, of all dimensions. Most of these were sponsored by kings, [[brahmin]]s, wealthy householders or other devotees from the city of Kathmandu, from the earliest times to the present day.
+There are many statues of deities and stupas of mixed Hindu and Buddhist content, of all dimensions. Most of these were sponsored by kings, [[brahmin]]s, wealthy householders or other devotees from the valley.
 === Vasubandhu Stupa ===
-The great master [[Vasubandhu]] spent time in Swayambhu. According to legend, he once was sitting exactly where his stupa is now, and, looking over the fields down the hill, he saw a monk, who had taken off his robe and wrapped it around his head to shield him from the sun, ploughing the field. On seeing this, Vasubandhu exclaimed, "Well, if this is the state of the [[Dharma]], then there’s no point in me hanging around," and with that, he recited the [[dharani]], or long mantra, of [[Ushnishavijaya]] backwards, his head split apart, and he passed away. His body was later placed inside this reliquary stupa.
+The Vasubandhu stupa is located in the saddle between the Swayambhu Hill and the Manjushri Hill, at the western entrance to the complex. The 4th Khamtrul Rinpoche (1730~1780) explained that it marks the site where [[Vasubandhu]] passed away, and that his relics were enshrined in this stupa.
 === Chakrasamvara Mandala ===
 Down on the right from the main stupa is a building which houses—and also quite a lot under ground—a huge three-dimensional [[mandala]] of [[Chakrasamvara]]. There are five layers, according to the [[five kayas]]. Behind the door, there’s a little courtyard where people place offerings and so on. There are murals inside, which are centuries old and have been preserved quite well. Inside there are several doors going down into this huge mandala complex of Chakrasamvara. It is said to be the Chakrasamvara power spot in the Kathmandu valley.
-Once there was a king of Nepal who wanted to become the grand Maharaja of all Asia. So he came here to acquire some powers. He went inside, but didn't reappear for a number of days. When he came out he was completely insane. Whenever the inside is opened, the outside door is locked and people would usually rattle around [what?] and be ushered away. Only Newari [[vajra master]]s can enter the inner chambers.
+Once there was a king of Nepal who wanted to become the grand Maharaja of all Asia. So he came here to acquire some powers. He went inside, but didn't reappear for a number of days. When he came out he was completely insane. Whenever the inside is opened, the outside door is locked and people would usually rattle around [what?] and be ushered away. Only Newar [[vajra master]]s can enter the inner chambers.
 === Manjushri Hill ===
-The Manjushri Hill is the place where the first Newar vajra acharyas received their respective [[empowerment]]s for the first time in the whole of Nepal. The reason it is called Manjushri Hill is not so clear. Some think it might be because the first empowerment given here was the [[Chanting the Names of Manjushri|Mañjushri Nama Sangiti]], given its popularity and prevalence throughout the valley.
+To the west lies the hill where Manjushri stayed with his two companions after draining the Kathmandu lake. He took the form of the vajracharya Manjudeva, here, and his disciples later built a stupa in this spot, dedicated to both Manjushri and his consort Saraswati.
 ==External Links==
-* {{LH|http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-chokyi-lodro/prayer-swayambhunath-stupa| ''Prayer to the Svayambhunath Stupa by Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö''}}
+* {{LH|tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-chokyi-lodro/prayer-swayambhunath-stupa| Prayer to the Svayambhunath Stupa by Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö}}
-* {{LH|tibetan-masters/dudjom-rinpoche/three-stupas-prayer| ''Prayer to the Three Great Stupas of Kathmandu by Dudjom Rinpoche''}}
+* {{LH|tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-chokyi-lodro/prayer-to-three-stupas-of-nepal| Prayer to the Three Stūpas of Nepal by Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö}}
+* {{LH|tibetan-masters/dudjom-rinpoche/three-stupas-prayer| Prayer to the Three Great Stupas of Kathmandu by Dudjom Rinpoche}}
 ==Further Reading==
@@ Line 70: / Line 61: @@
 * Heritage to Tibet.” In&nbsp;''Les habitants du toit du monde. Hommage ά Alexander W. Macdonald'', ed. Karmay, et Sagant. Nanterre: Société d’ ethnologie, 1997: 629-658.
 * Kivelä, Sami. “The Sacred Hilltop: A Hermeneutical Case Study on the Svayaṃbhū Site in Kathmandu.” MA Thesis, Helsinki: Töölö Parish, 2005.
+* Macdonald A.W. and Dvags-po Rin-po-che “A Little-Read Guide to the Holy Places of Nepal – Part II.” In ''Essays on the Ethnology of Nepal and South Asia, vol. II.'' Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar Publishers, 1987.
 * Riccardi, Theodore. “Some Preliminary Remarks on a Newari Painting of Svayambhnath.” ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 93, no. 3 (1973): 335–40.
 * Tsering Palmo Gellek & Padma Dorje Maitland (eds.). ''Light of the Valley: Renewing the Sacred Art and Traditions of Svayambhu''. Cazadero, CA: Dharma Publishing, 2011.