Tibetan Grammar - First case 'ming tsam' - just the name: Difference between revisions
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'''WORK IN PROGRESS''': the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading. | '''WORK IN PROGRESS''': the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading. | ||
'''In the verb section the approach to explain Tibetan verbs is changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent" - there will be discrepancies to the other grammar section until they are matched with it''' | |||
{{Grammar articles}} | {{Grammar articles}} | ||
''by Stefan J. | (''by Stefan J. Gueffroy<ref>recently adopted</ref> <small>[fka Eckel]</small>'') | ||
= | =ming tsam མིང་ཙམ་, Just the Name= | ||
{{Tibetan}} | {{Tibetan}} | ||
Also called: nominative case, "no particle", accusative case, patient role particle "-Ø". This case does not add any particle to the word or changes it any way. | Also called: nominative case, "no particle", accusative case, patient role particle "-Ø", rirst case. This case does not add any particle to the word or changes it any way. | ||
==Independent of | ==Independent of Verb Type== | ||
===Topic=== | ===Topic=== | ||
====Enumeration, | ====Enumeration, Section Heading, Title==== | ||
{{gsample|དང་པོ།|first|firstly}} | |||
དང་པོ། | |||
====Proleptic==== | |||
:Proleptic: ''anticipatory'' | |||
{{gsample|བྲམ་ཟེ་དབུལ་པོ་དེ་ནི་ཁྱིམ་བདག་གིས་དེ་ལ་བཟའ་དང་བགོ་བ་བྱིན།|Brahmin poor householder food cloths gave|(Regarding) that poor Brahmin, the householder gave food and cloth to that (one).<br>The householder gave food and cloth to that poor Brahmin.}} | |||
===Temporal ''ming tsam''=== | |||
:''Temporal ming tsam'' can also be viewed as a very frequently omitted locative ''(la don)'' of time.<br> | |||
{{gsample|དེར་བསྡད་དུས་ <small><small>''same as:''</small></small> དེར་བསྡད་དུས་སུ་|there stayed time there stayed time ''la don'' |at the time of staying there}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|དེའི་ཚེ་ <small><small>''same as:''</small></small> དེའི་ཚེ་ན་|that time that time la don|at that (point in) time}} | |||
===In Compound Words=== | |||
:''Note:'' See also [["Formation of the Tibetan Words - Compounded Nouns".]] | |||
====Adjective/Verb - Adjective/Verb==== | |||
{{gfverb|དགའ་བ།|དགའ་བ།|དགའ་བ།||to be happy, glad|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|དགའ་སྤྲོ་|happy joyful|happy}} | |||
* from: {{gtib|དགའ་བ་}} adjective, noun, verb: | |||
joyful, happy; joy; to be happy, glad, pleased, to take joy in<br> | |||
{{gfverb|སྤྲོ་བ།|སྤྲོ་བ།|སྤྲོ་བ།||to be joyful<br>to enjoy|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|སྤྲོ་བ་|joyful|to be joyful, to enjoy}} | |||
<br> | |||
{{gsample|བོད་སྐད་|Tibet language|Tibetan language}} | |||
====Noun - Adjective==== | |||
{{grule|A noun-adjective combination becomes either just a noun with an adjective (see: [[" adjectives"]]) or a new word.}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|གཏིང་ཟབ་|bottom, depth deep|very deep; profound}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|རྒྱ་ཆེ་|extent big|vast, extensive }} | |||
===Apposition=== | |||
{{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས། ཀུན་མཁྱེན། རྐང་གཉིས་གཙོ་བོ། སྐུ་གསུམ་པ། མཁྱེན་ལྔ་པ། འགྲོ་བའི་བླ་མ། རྒྱལ་བ། བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།|Buddha all knowing foot two main kaya three knowledge five being highest victorious Bhagavan|The Buddha, the Omniscient One, Chief of Humans (bipeds), Victorious One, [Possessor of] the Three Kayas, the One with the Five Knowledges, Lord of Beings, Victorious One, Bhagavan<nowiki>[</nowiki>...<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} | |||
===Nouns in a List - Nominalized Clauses in a List=== | |||
{{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཆོས་ཚོགས་ཁམས་དང་བྱང་ཆུབ་དང༌། ཡོན་ཏེན་སངས་རྒྱས་འཕྲིན་ལས་ཐ་མ་སྟེ།|Buddha Dharma assembly element enlightenment qualities enlightened activity final|The Buddha, Dharma, Sangha, element, enlightenment, qualities and finally enlightened activity}}<br> | |||
{{gsample5l|རྒྱུ་ནི་འབྱུང་བ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི་སྟེ། སའི་ཁམས་ནི་སྲ་ཞིང་གཞི་འཛིན་པའི་ལས་བྱེད་པ། ཆུ་ཁམས་གཤེར་ཞིང་སྡུད་པ།|cause elements great four earth element solid and base to hold action do water element liquid and draw together|མེ་ཁམས་དྲོ་ཞིང་སྨིན་པ། རླུང་ཁམས་གཡོ་ཞིང་འཕེལ་བར་བྱེད་པའོ།།|fire element warmth and mature wind element move and increase do|Causal [forms] are the four great elements. The earth element is solid and is performing the function of support. The water element is liquid and cohesion. The fire element is warmth maturing. The wind element is moving and increasing.}} | |||
==Examples for Types of Verbs with an Argument in ''ming tsam''== | |||
'''See''': [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#The Syntactic Verb Categories|The Syntactic Verb Categories]] and [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups|Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups]]<br> | |||
{{grule|verbs have their theme in ''ming tsam''}}<br> | |||
Exceptions are discussed in the verb section. E.g., see: (in [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#The Syntactic Verb Categories|The Syntactic Verb Categories]]) [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#the syntactic verb categories - heading - agentive directed|agentive directed]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#directed grammar with transitive verbs| directed grammar with transitive verbs]] and (in [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups|Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups]]) [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs Expressing Mental Activity with Directed Grammar| Verbs Expressing Mental Activity with Directed Grammar]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs That Can Take a Referential ལ་ for Their Theme| Verbs That Can Take a Referential ལ་ for Their Theme]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Benefit or Harm and Hindrance|Verbs of Benefit or Harm and Hindrance]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs that Express "to Make Effort, to Engage In"|Verbs Expressing "to Make Effort, to Engage In"]]<br> | |||
===Linking Verb=== | |||
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups - Linking Verb|linking verb]], category: [[Tibetan_Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - stative copula|''ming tsam intransitive'' - stative copula]]</small><br> | |||
{{Grule|'''theme''' (subject): ''ming tsam'', '''complement'''<ref>The qualifier of a linking verb is usually called "complement". This term is also used here to distinguish it from "qualifiers" that are not in ''ming tsam''.</ref>: ''ming tsam'', strict "theme - complement" word order}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|དམར་པོ་ནི་ཁ་དོག་ཡིན།|red colour is|Red is [a] colour.}}<br> | |||
===Intransitive Verbs=== | |||
{{Grule|'''theme''' (subject): ''ming tsam''}}<br> | |||
[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Intransitive Verbs Without Qualifier and with la don for Their Qualifier|Intransitive verbs]] like:<br> | |||
verbs of existence and possession<br> | |||
and | |||
<small>verbs of existence<br></small> | |||
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Existence|verbs of existence]], category: [[Tibetan_Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - stative located|''ming tsam'' intransitive - stative ''located'']]</small> | |||
{{grules|'''theme''': ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier'''—place of existence: ''la don''}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|མོ་གཤམ་གྱི་བུ་མེད།|barren women son not exist|The barren women’s son does not exist.}}<br> | |||
Tibetan | <small>verbs of possession<br></small> | ||
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Possession|verbs of possession]] category: [[Tibetan_Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - stative located|''ming tsam'' intransitive - stative ''located'']]</small><br> | |||
{{grules|'''theme'''—what is owned: ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier'''—possessor: ''la don''}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|བདག་ལ་གཡག་ཡོད།|I bos grunniens have|I have yaks.}}<br> | |||
non-volitional event verbs<br> | |||
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Non-Volitional Event Verbs|non-volitional event verbs]], category: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - dynamic non-volitional|''ming tsam'' intransitive - dynamic non-volitional]]</small><br> | |||
{{grules|'''theme''' (subject): ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier''': ''la don''}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|ཤར་བ།|འཆར་བ།|འཆར་བ།||to arise|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|ཉི་མ་ཤར།|sun arose|The sun arose.}}<br> | |||
verbs of motion<br> | |||
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Motion|verbs of motion]], category: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - dynamic directed|''ming tsam'' intransitive - dynamic ''directed'']]</small><br> | |||
{{grules|theme: ''ming tsam''; qualifier-direction, destination: ''la don''; qualifier-origin: originative}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|ཕྱིན་པ་ / སོང་བ།|འགྲོ་བ།|འགྲོ་བ།|སོང།|to go|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|ཁོ་ལྷ་སར་ཕྱིན།|he Lhasa went|He went to Lhasa.}}<br> | |||
verbs of necessity<br> | |||
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Necessity]] category: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - stative located|''ming tsam'' intransitive - stative ''located'']]</small><br> | |||
{{grules|'''Qualifier'''—that which needs: ''la don'', '''theme'''—that what is needed: ''ming tsam''}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|དགོས་པ།|དགོས་པ།|དགོས་པ།||to need|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|མྱུ་གུ་ལ་ཆུ་དགོས།|sprouts water need|Sprouts need water.}}<br> | |||
In Tibetan, the '''theme''' (subject) of the verb {{gtib|དགོས་པ་}}, to need, is that what is needed, it ''performs'' the action ''to be needed'', (the "water" in the example). What or whom ''needs'' is the qualifier (the "sprouts").<br> | |||
===Transitive Verbs=== | |||
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Transitive Verbs|transitive verbs]], category: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#agentive transitive|agentive transitive]]</small><br> | |||
{{grule|'''Agent''' (subject): ''agentive particle'', '''theme''' (object): ''ming tsam''}}<br> | |||
The Buddha | {{gfverb|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན་པ།|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན།|to teach|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | ||
{{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན།|Buddha Dharma taught|The Buddha taught the Dharma.}}<br> | |||
===Ditransitive Verbs=== | |||
{{grule|'''Agent''' (subject): ''agentive particle'', '''theme''' (object): ''ming tsam'', '''recipient''' (indirect object)<ref>also called "addressee" and "beneficiary"</ref>: ''la don''}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར།|to give|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|སྨན་པས་ནད་པ་ལ་སྨན་སྟེར།|doctor the ill medicine give|The doctor gives medicine to the ill.}}<br> | |||
===Verbs of Absence and "Presence"=== | |||
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Absence and Presence|verbs of absence and presence]], category: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive agentive|''ming tsam'' intransitive - stative agentive]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive agentive|''ming tsam'' intransitive - dynamic agentive]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#agentive transitive agentive|agentive transitive - agentive]]</small><br> | |||
{{grule|'''theme''': ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier''' - that what is absent or "present": agentive particle}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|སྟོངས་པ།|སྟོང་པ།|སྟོང་པ།||to be empty|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|ལུང་པ་ཆུས་སྟོང་པ།|land water empty|the land is empty of water}} | |||
ལུང་པ་ཆུས་སྟོང་པ། | |||
land | |||
the land is empty of water | |||
Latest revision as of 14:54, 18 August 2016
WORK IN PROGRESS: the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading. In the verb section the approach to explain Tibetan verbs is changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent" - there will be discrepancies to the other grammar section until they are matched with it
Articles on Tibetan Grammar |
1. Introduction |
2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable |
3. Formation of the Tibetan Word |
4. First case: ming tsam |
5. agentive particle |
6. Connective Particle |
7. La don particles |
8. La don particles—Notes |
9. Originative case |
10. Verbs |
11. Verbs—Notes |
12. Syntactic particles |
(by Stefan J. Gueffroy[1] [fka Eckel])
ming tsam མིང་ཙམ་, Just the Name
This section contains Tibetan script. Without proper Tibetan rendering support configured, you may see other symbols instead of Tibetan script. |
Also called: nominative case, "no particle", accusative case, patient role particle "-Ø", rirst case. This case does not add any particle to the word or changes it any way.
Independent of Verb Type
Topic
Enumeration, Section Heading, Title
དང་པོ། |
first |
firstly |
Proleptic
- Proleptic: anticipatory
བྲམ་ཟེ་དབུལ་པོ་དེ་ནི་ཁྱིམ་བདག་གིས་དེ་ལ་བཟའ་དང་བགོ་བ་བྱིན། |
Brahmin poor householder food cloths gave |
(Regarding) that poor Brahmin, the householder gave food and cloth to that (one). The householder gave food and cloth to that poor Brahmin. |
Temporal ming tsam
- Temporal ming tsam can also be viewed as a very frequently omitted locative (la don) of time.
དེར་བསྡད་དུས་ same as: དེར་བསྡད་དུས་སུ་ |
there stayed time there stayed time la don |
at the time of staying there |
དེའི་ཚེ་ same as: དེའི་ཚེ་ན་ |
that time that time la don |
at that (point in) time |
In Compound Words
- Note: See also "Formation of the Tibetan Words - Compounded Nouns".
Adjective/Verb - Adjective/Verb
|
དགའ་སྤྲོ་ |
happy joyful |
happy |
- from: དགའ་བ་ adjective, noun, verb:
joyful, happy; joy; to be happy, glad, pleased, to take joy in
|
སྤྲོ་བ་ |
joyful |
to be joyful, to enjoy |
བོད་སྐད་ |
Tibet language |
Tibetan language |
Noun - Adjective
A noun-adjective combination becomes either just a noun with an adjective (see: " adjectives") or a new word. |
གཏིང་ཟབ་ |
bottom, depth deep |
very deep; profound |
རྒྱ་ཆེ་ |
extent big |
vast, extensive |
Apposition
སངས་རྒྱས། ཀུན་མཁྱེན། རྐང་གཉིས་གཙོ་བོ། སྐུ་གསུམ་པ། མཁྱེན་ལྔ་པ། འགྲོ་བའི་བླ་མ། རྒྱལ་བ། བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས། |
Buddha all knowing foot two main kaya three knowledge five being highest victorious Bhagavan |
The Buddha, the Omniscient One, Chief of Humans (bipeds), Victorious One, [Possessor of] the Three Kayas, the One with the Five Knowledges, Lord of Beings, Victorious One, Bhagavan[...] |
Nouns in a List - Nominalized Clauses in a List
སངས་རྒྱས་ཆོས་ཚོགས་ཁམས་དང་བྱང་ཆུབ་དང༌། ཡོན་ཏེན་སངས་རྒྱས་འཕྲིན་ལས་ཐ་མ་སྟེ། |
Buddha Dharma assembly element enlightenment qualities enlightened activity final |
The Buddha, Dharma, Sangha, element, enlightenment, qualities and finally enlightened activity |
རྒྱུ་ནི་འབྱུང་བ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི་སྟེ། སའི་ཁམས་ནི་སྲ་ཞིང་གཞི་འཛིན་པའི་ལས་བྱེད་པ། ཆུ་ཁམས་གཤེར་ཞིང་སྡུད་པ། |
cause elements great four earth element solid and base to hold action do water element liquid and draw together |
མེ་ཁམས་དྲོ་ཞིང་སྨིན་པ། རླུང་ཁམས་གཡོ་ཞིང་འཕེལ་བར་བྱེད་པའོ།། |
fire element warmth and mature wind element move and increase do |
Causal [forms] are the four great elements. The earth element is solid and is performing the function of support. The water element is liquid and cohesion. The fire element is warmth maturing. The wind element is moving and increasing. |
Examples for Types of Verbs with an Argument in ming tsam
See: The Syntactic Verb Categories and Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups
verbs have their theme in ming tsam |
Exceptions are discussed in the verb section. E.g., see: (in The Syntactic Verb Categories) agentive directed, directed grammar with transitive verbs and (in Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups) Verbs Expressing Mental Activity with Directed Grammar, Verbs That Can Take a Referential ལ་ for Their Theme, Verbs of Benefit or Harm and Hindrance, Verbs Expressing "to Make Effort, to Engage In"
Linking Verb
linking verb, category: ming tsam intransitive - stative copula
theme (subject): ming tsam, complement[2]: ming tsam, strict "theme - complement" word order |
དམར་པོ་ནི་ཁ་དོག་ཡིན། |
red colour is |
Red is [a] colour. |
Intransitive Verbs
theme (subject): ming tsam |
Intransitive verbs like:
verbs of existence and possession
verbs of existence
verbs of existence, category: ming tsam intransitive - stative located
theme: ming tsam, qualifier—place of existence: la don |
མོ་གཤམ་གྱི་བུ་མེད། |
barren women son not exist |
The barren women’s son does not exist. |
verbs of possession
verbs of possession category: ming tsam intransitive - stative located
theme—what is owned: ming tsam, qualifier—possessor: la don |
བདག་ལ་གཡག་ཡོད། |
I bos grunniens have |
I have yaks. |
non-volitional event verbs
non-volitional event verbs, category: ming tsam intransitive - dynamic non-volitional
theme (subject): ming tsam, qualifier: la don |
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ཉི་མ་ཤར། |
sun arose |
The sun arose. |
verbs of motion
verbs of motion, category: ming tsam intransitive - dynamic directed
theme: ming tsam; qualifier-direction, destination: la don; qualifier-origin: originative |
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ཁོ་ལྷ་སར་ཕྱིན། |
he Lhasa went |
He went to Lhasa. |
verbs of necessity
Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Necessity category: ming tsam intransitive - stative located
Qualifier—that which needs: la don, theme—that what is needed: ming tsam |
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མྱུ་གུ་ལ་ཆུ་དགོས། |
sprouts water need |
Sprouts need water. |
In Tibetan, the theme (subject) of the verb དགོས་པ་, to need, is that what is needed, it performs the action to be needed, (the "water" in the example). What or whom needs is the qualifier (the "sprouts").
Transitive Verbs
transitive verbs, category: agentive transitive
Agent (subject): agentive particle, theme (object): ming tsam |
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སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན། |
Buddha Dharma taught |
The Buddha taught the Dharma. |
Ditransitive Verbs
Agent (subject): agentive particle, theme (object): ming tsam, recipient (indirect object)[3]: la don |
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སྨན་པས་ནད་པ་ལ་སྨན་སྟེར། |
doctor the ill medicine give |
The doctor gives medicine to the ill. |
Verbs of Absence and "Presence"
verbs of absence and presence, category: ming tsam intransitive - stative agentive, ming tsam intransitive - dynamic agentive, agentive transitive - agentive
theme: ming tsam, qualifier - that what is absent or "present": agentive particle |
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ལུང་པ་ཆུས་སྟོང་པ། |
land water empty |
the land is empty of water |